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. 2025 Jan 7:12:1465454.
doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1465454. eCollection 2024.

Consonant aspiration in Mandarin-speaking children: a developmental perspective from perception and production

Yani Li #  1   2 , Qun Li #  1   2 , Yihang Du  1   2 , Lili Wang  1   2 , Lin Li  1   2 , Jian Wen  1   2 , Yun Zheng  1   2
Affiliations

Consonant aspiration in Mandarin-speaking children: a developmental perspective from perception and production

Yani Li et al. Front Pediatr. .

Abstract

Introduction: This study investigates Mandarin-speaking children's acquisition of aspirated/unaspirated voiceless consonants in terms of perception and production, to track children's developmental profile and explore the factors that may affect their acquisition, as well as the possible association between perception and production.

Methods: Mandarin-speaking children (N = 95) aged 3-5 and adults (N = 20) participated in (1) a perception test designed based on the minimal pairs of unaspirated/aspirated consonants in the quiet and noisy conditions respectively; (2) a production test where participants produced the target words, with syllable-initial consonants focusing on aspiration and non-aspiration. Six pairs of unaspirated/aspirated consonants in Mandarin were included.

Results: (1) Children's perception and production accuracy of aspirated and unaspirated consonants increased with age. Five-year-olds achieved high accuracy in the perception under the quiet condition and in the production (over 90%), though not yet adult-like. (2) Noise adversely affected children's perception, with all child groups showing poor performance in the noisy condition. In terms of perception, stops were more challenging to children than affricates, but in terms of production, children performed better on stops. Furthermore, the presence of noise had a greater detrimental effect on the perception of aspirated consonants compared to unaspirated ones. (3) A weak positive correlation was found between children's perception of consonant aspiration in the quiet condition and their production.

Discussion: The findings indicate that age, aspiration state, and manner of articulation (MOA) would affect children's acquisition of consonant aspiration. Although 5-year-olds have almost acquired aspirated/unaspirated consonants, compared to adults, the perception of consonant aspiration in noise remains a challenge for children.

Keywords: Mandarin; child development; consonant aspiration; perception; production.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Example of the perception test based on mandarin aspirated/unaspirated consonants. The pictures represent the contrast between /k/ (left, gou3/koʊ/, ‘狗dog’) and /kh/ (right, kou3/khoʊ/, ‘口mouth’).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Perception of aspirated/unaspirated consonants across age groups under the quiet and noisy conditions. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation. 3y = 3-year-old group, 4y = 4-year-old group, 5y = 5-year-old group.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Children's perception of aspirated/unaspirated consonants (stops and affricates) in the quiet and noisy conditions. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation. 3y = 3-year-old group, 4y = 4-year-old group, 5y = 5-year-old group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Example of the production test based on Mandarin aspirated/unaspirated consonants. Picture used to elicit /th/ in tu4 zi/thu ʦz̩/ (兔子‘rabbit’).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Accuracy of producing aspirated/unaspirated consonants in children across age groups and adults. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation. 3y = 3-year-old group, 4y = 4-year-old group, 5y = 5-year-old group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Accuracy of producing aspirated/unaspirated consonants (stops and affricates) in children. Error bars represent ± 1 standard deviation. 3y = 3-year-old group, 4y = 4-year-old group, 5y = 5-year-old group.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scatter plots of children's perception in the quiet condition and production.
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