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Review
. 2025 Jan 30;27(1):43.
doi: 10.1007/s11886-025-02191-1.

Diagnosis and Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Without Obstructive Epicardial Stenosis

Khaled Ziada  1 , Hassan Alkhawam  2 , Haidar Hajeh  3 , Malak Modi  4 , Tarek Helmy  5
Affiliations
Review

Diagnosis and Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Without Obstructive Epicardial Stenosis

Khaled Ziada et al. Curr Cardiol Rep. .

Abstract

Purpose of review: What is the pathophysiology and clinical findings as well as management of patients presenting with INOCA/MINOCA (Ischemia/Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries).

Recent findings: INOCA/MINOCA has a complex pathophysiology. In this review article, we aim to summarize the complex pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis, and review the current management options.

Keywords: Coronary functional assessment; Coronary microvascular dysfunction; Coronary vasospasm; INOCA; MINOCA; SCAD.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Clinical presentation, causes, and diagnosis of MINOCA (Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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