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. 2025 Jan 30;14(1):4.
doi: 10.1186/s13756-025-01522-9.

Changing dynamics of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany, 2017-2023: a continued burden of disease approach

Simon Brinkwirth  1   2   3 , Marcel Feig  4 , Ines Noll  1 , Tim Eckmanns  1 , Achim Dörre  1   2 , Sebastian Haller  1 , Niklas Willrich  5
Affiliations

Changing dynamics of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany, 2017-2023: a continued burden of disease approach

Simon Brinkwirth et al. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. .

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to public health, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) being major contributors. Despite their clinical impact, comprehensive assessments of changes of the burden of bloodstream infections in terms of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and attributable deaths over time are lacking, particularly in Germany.

Methods: We used data from the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance system, which covered about 30% of German hospitals. Bloodstream infections were defined by a VREfm or MRSA-positive blood culture. We estimated incidences as a first step to further use these rates to calculate DALYs and attributable deaths using the Burden of Communicable Disease in Europe toolkit. The analysis included stratification by age, sex and region.

Results: From 2017 to 2023, 6262 MRSA and 5442 VREfm blood culture-positive isolates were identified. The incidence of MRSA bloodstream infections decreased from 4.0 to 2.1 per 100,000 population, with estimated DALYs decreasing from 14.6 to 8.6 per 100,000 and attributable deaths from 591 to 316. Conversely, VREfm-BSI incidence doubled from 1.7 to a peak of 3.0 (2021) before declining back to 1.7 per 100,000 in 2023, with estimated DALYs increasing from 8.9 to 16.5 and then decreasing to 8.5 per 100,000 and attributable deaths increasing from 317 to 327. Men and people over 60 years had the highest burden, with noticeable regional differences.

Conclusion: MRSA and VREfm bloodstream infections followed different trends in the past and now present a comparable burden in Germany. Both pathogens pose a significant threat, particularly to hospitalised older aged men. Our findings highlight the need for targeted prevention and continued surveillance of MRSA and VREfm to reduce infections and their impact.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations: Ethics approval and consent to participate The RKI has legal permission to process information for national surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria under §13 of the German Protection against Infection Act. Only anonymised patient data collected by hospitals and laboratories was analysed and is exempt from ethical approval and informed consent. Consent for publication: All authors have provided their consent for the final version to be published. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) per 100,000 inhabitants and estimated incidence of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) between 2017 and 2023 in Germany. YLD (years lived with disability) and YLL (years of life lost) are estimated as means of 1000 separate simulation runs. UI uncertainty intervals
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) per 100,000 inhabitants of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) between 2017 and 2023 in Germany. YLD (years lived with disability) and YLL (years of life lost) are estimated as means of 1000 separate simulation runs. UI uncertainty intervals
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) per 100,000 inhabitants and estimated incidence of bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) between 2017 and 2023 in Germany. YLD (years lived with disability) and YLL (years of life lost) are estimated as means of 1000 separate simulation runs. UI uncertainty intervals. Note Scales of y-axes differ between regions
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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