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. 2025 Jan 30;22(1):12.
doi: 10.1186/s12978-025-01959-6.

Reproductive health literacy scale: a tool to measure the effectiveness of health literacy training

Maha Rauf  1 , Zahra Goliaei  2 , Lana Machta  1 , Jenny Chang  3 , Heike Thiel de Bocanegra  4
Affiliations

Reproductive health literacy scale: a tool to measure the effectiveness of health literacy training

Maha Rauf et al. Reprod Health. .

Abstract

Background: Refugee women's reproductive health (RH) outcomes have been impacted by several factors, including experiencing war, lack of access to healthcare, and possible gender-based violence. After resettlement, low health literacy, financial difficulties, cultural and linguistic barriers, and unfamiliarity with the healthcare system also add to the preexisting barriers. Although several efforts have focused on health education and improving health literacy among refugee women, there has not been a validated tool to measure the effectiveness of these trainings and their possible impact. This study aims to adapt a culturally and linguistically appropriate survey that helps address this gap.

Methods: We conducted a literature review to identify the existing tools and identified possible domains and items supporting RH literacy measures. The identified items were collected and adapted as a single scale with three domains: (a) general health literacy, measured with HLS-EU-Q6, (b) digital health literacy, measured with eHEALS, and (c) reproductive health literacy, measured through a composite of the Cervical Cancer Literacy Assessment Tool (C-CLAT) and the Refugee Reproductive Health Network (ReproNet) postpartum literacy scale. After content validity and face validity of the adapted scale, it was translated into Dari, Arabic, and Pashto and was administered to participants of RH literacy training sessions.

Results: A total of 67 Dari, 53 Arabic, and 64 Pashto-speaking refugee women completed the survey. The mean scores obtained between the three language groups were similar in the domains of digital health literacy and reproductive health literacy (p > 0.05), whereas the scores for general health literacy were not (p > 0.05). The inter-item reliability score for the domains of general health literacy, digital health literacy and RH literacy across all three language groups was above α = 0.7.

Conclusion: This scale addresses the need for validated tools to measure reproductive health literacy. It has the promise to provide a tool for assessing the effectiveness of health interventions on health literacy. Future applications can utilize this scale to investigate the differences in health literacy in refugee populations speaking Dari, Pashto, and Arabic.

Keywords: Digital health literacy; Health literacy; Refugee; Reproductive health; Scale development.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of California, Irvine IRB board, UCI IRB #1443. We obtained verbal consent from in-person training participants and gave them the study information sheet to take home. Online participants registered and received then the study information via e-mail and provided consent when completing the pre-test. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Reproductive health literacy framework
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