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Review
. 2025 Jun;46(6):2419-2436.
doi: 10.1007/s10072-025-08023-y. Epub 2025 Feb 1.

"Advances in biomarker discovery and diagnostics for alzheimer's disease"

Vandana Bhatia  1 , Anjali Chandel  2 , Yavnika Minhas  2 , Shiv Kumar Kushawaha  3
Affiliations
Review

"Advances in biomarker discovery and diagnostics for alzheimer's disease"

Vandana Bhatia et al. Neurol Sci. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles with tau protein and extracellular β-amyloid plaques. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and management.

Objective: The purpose of this review is to investigate new technologies that improve diagnostic accuracy while looking at the current diagnostic criteria for AD, such as clinical evaluations, cognitive testing, and biomarker-based techniques.

Methods: A thorough review of the literature was done in order to assess both conventional and contemporary diagnostic methods. Multimodal strategies integrating clinical, imaging, and biochemical evaluations were emphasised. The promise of current developments in biomarker discovery was also examined, including mass spectrometry and artificial intelligence.

Results: Current diagnostic approaches include cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, imaging tools (MRI, PET), cognitive tests, and new blood-based markers. Integrating these technologies into multimodal diagnostic procedures enhances diagnostic accuracy and distinguishes dementia from other conditions. New technologies that hold promise for improving biomarker identification and diagnostic reliability include mass spectrometry and artificial intelligence.

Conclusion: Advancements in AD diagnostics underscore the need for accessible, minimally invasive, and cost-effective techniques to facilitate early detection and intervention. The integration of novel technologies with traditional methods may significantly enhance the accuracy and feasibility of AD diagnosis.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Biomarker; Diagnosis; Early detection; Multimodal assessment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: This review article is based on previously published studies and does not involve any new studies with human participants or animals conducted by the authors. All referenced studies were conducted by ethical standards, including the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments, as applicable. Conflict of interest: The authors declare they have no conflict of interest to disclose.

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