Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Feb 1;25(1):44.
doi: 10.1186/s12905-025-03585-7.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors to high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: a single-institution study

Min Lu  1 , Xiaoshan Hong  2 , Tingyan Liu  2 , Bi Mai  3 , Guiying Hu  4 , Xiaoli Sun  5
Affiliations

Clinical characteristics and risk factors to high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: a single-institution study

Min Lu et al. BMC Womens Health. .

Abstract

Background: To date, few studies have investigated the factors associated with high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN). This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of high-grade VaIN and identify its underlying risk factors.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included women with histologically confirmed high-grade VaIN and high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), conducted between 2017 and 2021 at a single center. Baseline clinical characteristics, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status, cytology results, and pathology findings were analyzed using standard statistical methods.

Results: Among 1819 patients, 8.47% (154/1819) were diagnosed with high-grade VaIN (mean age: 42.1 ± 12.4 years), while 91.53% (1665/1819) had high-grade CIN (mean age: 36.7 ± 10.0 years). Older age, longer sexual life duration, higher gravidity and parity, menopause, and prior cervical treatment were identified as risk factors for high-grade VaIN (p < 0.001). High-grade VaIN was more likely to present with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytology among abnormal cytological results (p = 0.007). HPV was detected in 98.1% of VaIN2/3 cases (151/154), with HPV 16 being the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 39.89% (705/1767) of all infections, 36.4% of high-grade VaIN, and 39% of high-grade CIN cases. Single-genotype HPV infections were observed in 58.4% of high-grade VaIN and 64.3% of high-grade CIN, while multiple infections were found in 39.6% and 32.8%, respectively. The sensitivities of cytology for detecting high-grade VaIN and high-grade CIN were 62.3% and 69.5%, respectively (p = 0.067). HPV testing sensitivities were 98.4% and 97.1%, respectively (p = 0.578). Combined cytology and HPV testing improved sensitivities to 100% and 99.8%, respectively.

Conclusions: High-grade VaIN is significantly associated with older age. The sensitivity of cytology and HPV testing for detecting high-grade VaIN is comparable to that for high-grade CIN. Thus, these tests may facilitate early detection of high-grade VaIN.

Keywords: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Cytology; High‐grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia; Human papillomavirus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the screening and enrollment of study participants
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Data are expressed as number of events (percentage).Distribution of cytology in histological high‐grade CIN and high‐grade VaIN patients.ASCUS,atypical squamous cells undetermined significance; AGC,atypical glandular cell; LSIL, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion;ASC-H, atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion;HSIL, High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion;SCC, squamous cell carcinoma;CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; VAIN, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Data are expressed as number of events (percentage). The ORs of hpv genotype in high-grade CIN and high-grade VaIN patients. OR, odds ratio. HPV, human papillomavirus;CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; VAIN, vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Jhingran A. Updates in the treatment of vaginal cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2022;32(3):344–51. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bogani G, Martinelli F, Ditto A, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and HPV 31 predict the risk of recurrence in high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;210:157–65. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fiascone S, Vitonis AF, Feldman S. Topical 5-fluorouracil for women with high-Grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:1237–43. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tranoulis A, Laios A, Mitsopoulos V, Lutchman-Singh K, Thomakos N. Efficacy of 5% imiquimod for the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia—A systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;218:129–36. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gurumurthy M, Leeson S, Tidy J, et al. UK National Survey of the management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. J Obstetr Gynaecol. 2020;40(5):694–8. - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources