Jellyfish Collagen Grafted with Hydroxybutyl Chitosan and Protocatechuic Acid Adhesive Sponge with Antibacterial Activity for Rapid Hemostasis

Abstract

Natural jellyfish collagen (JC) has garnered significant attention in the field of hemostasis due to its oceanic origin, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and absence of complications related to diseases and religious beliefs. However, the hemostatic performance of pure JC is limited by its poor stability, adhesion to wet tissue, and mechanical properties. We developed a novel (HJP) sponge comprising JC, protocatechuic acid (PA), and hydroxybutyl chitosan (HS) to enhance the application of JC in emergency hemostasis. This sponge exhibits antibacterial properties, good biocompatibility, wet tissue adhesion, and hemostatic capabilities. The HJP sponge demonstrates excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength (tensile strength: ∼106.6 kPa, compressive strength at 70% compressive strain: ∼1013.5 kPa) and strong wet tissue adhesion (∼117.1 kPa). Upon application to a wound, the HJP sponge rapidly forms a wound seal, achieving effective hemostasis through the synergistic action of PA and JC. The blood loss was also reduced to 0.105 g when compared to a commercial gelatin sponge. This JC-based sponge, with its multifaceted characteristics, holds significant promise for rapid hemostasis in clinical applications.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the preparation process of JC grafted PA and HS sponge. (a) Jellyfish collagen (JC), protocatechuic acid (PA), and preparation of hydroxybutyl chitosan (HS), respectively. (b) Schematic reaction routes of the HJP sponge. (c) The amphoteric in aqueous solution form a tridimensional network.

Figure 2

(a) FTIR, (b) UV, and (c) SEM images of JC. (d) FTIR, (e) ¹H NMR, and (f) SEM images of HJP.

Figure 3

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. (a)TG and (b) DTG of four sponges.

Figure 4

(a) Tensile and (c) compressive stress–strain curves of compression performance of HJP sponge. (b) Tensile strength and (d) compressive strength of HJP sponge.

Figure 5

Schematic representation of (a) the lap shear test and (b) the adhesive strength of HJP sponge. (c) Schematic diagram of the adhesion between the hydrogel and tissue.

Figure 6

In vivo antibacterial and hemostatic performance of the HJP sponge. (a) Representative photographs of E. coli and S. aureus and against that of HJP sponge at 1 day. (b) In vivo hemostatic evaluation of various sponges. (c) Blood loss amounts. (d) Schematic diagram of hemostasis mechanism of HJP sponge.

Figure 7

Biocompatibility of HJP sponge. (a) Cell viability of HJP sponge after 24, 48, and 72 h. The HJP sponge was dissolved in DMEM to a final concentration of 100 mg/mL. (b) Fluorescence images of HUVECs cocultured for 24 and 48 h with HJP sponge, respectively. (c) The migration of HUVECs after being cocultured with the HJP sponge for 12 h.