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. 2025 Jan 13;12(2):ofaf018.
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaf018. eCollection 2025 Feb.

Pulmonary Coinfection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus Species

Stefan Hatzl  1   2 , Christina Geiger  3 , Lisa Kriegl  2   3 , Andreas Reinisch  4   5 , Albert Wölfler  4 , Georg Apfaltrer  6 , Markus Keldorfer  7 , Siegfried Rödl  7 , Martin Hoenigl  2   3 , Philipp Eller  1 , Robert Krause  2   3
Affiliations

Pulmonary Coinfection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus Species

Stefan Hatzl et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. .

Erratum in

Abstract

In this multicenter study of 387 patients who were immunocompromised, 4.5% with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis also had Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Predictors of coinfection included elevated β-D-glucan and prolonged corticosteroid use. Coinfection correlated with reduced 30-day survival (22% vs 57%), suggesting that early identification and prophylaxis may improve outcomes.

Keywords: PCP-IPA coinfection; Pneumocystis jirovecii; aspergillosis; immunocompromised patients; invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. M. H. received research funding from Gilead, Astellas, MSD, IMMY, Pulmocide, Shionogi, Melinta, Mundipharma, Scynexis, F2G, and Pfizer, all unrelated to the submitted work. R. K. received research grants from Merck and Pfizer, both unrelated to the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts.

Figures

Graphical abstract
Graphical abstract
Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Survival analysis of patients with IPA-PCP coinfection. A, Kaplan-Meier plot comparing survival rates of patients with IPA-PCP coinfection with those with IPA alone. B, Results from the multivariable Cox regression model in a forest plot for enhanced readability. Abbreviations: APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; Asp, aspergillus; GM, galactomannan; IPA, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; PCP, Pneumocystis pneumonia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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