Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jan 13:50:102975.
doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.102975. eCollection 2025 Feb.

Association between health insurance coverage and stage of diagnosis for cervical cancer among females in Indiana from 2011 - 2019

Mrithula Suresh Babu  1 , Monica L Kasting  1   2 , Natalia M Rodriguez  1   2
Affiliations

Association between health insurance coverage and stage of diagnosis for cervical cancer among females in Indiana from 2011 - 2019

Mrithula Suresh Babu et al. Prev Med Rep. .

Abstract

Introduction: Health insurance status is an important determinant of health outcomes for patients with cancer. This study aimed to assess the extent to which health insurance coverage in Indiana is a contributing factor to the stage of cervical cancer diagnosis.

Methods: We examined reported cervical cancer cases among females (N = 2518) using cancer registry data from the Indiana Department of Health from 2011 to 2019. Analyses were carried out in SPSS. Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined associations of both insurance status and race/ethnicity with stage of diagnosis after adjusting for age at diagnosis.

Results: The multinomial analysis showed that uninsured females (OR = 2.42, 95 % CI = 1.35-4.35) and those who have Medicaid (OR = 2.36, 95 % CI = 1.62-3.42) were significantly more likely to be diagnosed at the regional stage than the in-situ stage compared to females with private insurance. Additionally, Black (OR = 1.98, 95 % CI = 1.21-3.24) and Hispanic females (OR = 2.19, 95 %CI = 1.04-4.61) were significantly more likely to be diagnosed at the regional stage than the in-situ stage when compared to Non-Hispanic White females. Females who are uninsured (OR = 4.43, 95 % CI = 2.23-8.44) and those who have Medicaid (OR = 3.03, 95 % CI = 1.91-4.80) were significantly more likely to be diagnosed at the distant stage than in-situ, compared to females with private insurance.

Conclusion: Insurance status and race/ethnicity are associated with later stages of cervical cancer diagnosis. Increased coverage for routine cervical cancer screening and preventive care services is recommended, especially for racial/ethnic minority populations, the uninsured and those with public insurance.

Keywords: Cancer screening; Cervical cancer; Early detection; Insurance coverage; Preventive care.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: MLK has served as a consultant to Merck and has received investigator-initiated research funding for a separate project from Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, administered through Purdue University.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
– Differences in insurance status by stage of diagnosis for females diagnosed with cervical cancer in Indiana from 2011 to 2019 (percentages reported by insurance status).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
– Differences between race/ethnicity by stage of diagnosis for females diagnosed with cervical cancer in Indiana from 2011 to 2019 (percentages reported by race/ethnicity).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
– Differences between race/ethnicity by insurance status for females diagnosed with cervical cancer in Indiana from 2011 to 2019 (percentages reported by race/ethnicity).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. About the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program | CDC. Published September 15. 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/about.htm [cited December 4, 2023]. Available from.
    1. Adams S.A., Fleming A., Brandt H.M., et al. Racial disparities in cervical cancer mortality in an African American and European American cohort in South Carolina. J. S. C. Med. Assoc. 2009;105(7):237–244. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Arbyn M., Castellsagué X., de Sanjosé S., et al. Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008. Ann. Oncol. 2011;22(12):2675–2686. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdr015. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Arbyn M., Weiderpass E., Bruni L., et al. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2020;8(2):e191–e203. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30482-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bchtawi A.K., Saritas S., Schledermann D., Christensen R.D., Jochumsen K.M. Screening history and FIGO-stages among Danish women with cervical cancer in 2012-2014: a register-based study. Sci. Rep. 2019;9(1):20390. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56833-w. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources