Which muscle is the external rotation compensator after superior capsular reconstruction?

Abstract

Background: Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) is a surgical option for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears, particularly involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. In this procedure, the torn infraspinatus is not repaired or reconstructed. However, an improvement in postoperative external rotation (ER) angle and strength is observed. There is a lack of studies explaining how ER is restored after SCR. The aim of this study is to identify the ER compensator by assessing the muscle volume of the posterior deltoid and teres minor.

Methods: Sixty-eight patients with massive rotator cuff tears underwent SCR during 2016-2021. Of these patients, 28 who met the following inclusion criteria were retrospectively reviewed: (1) massive rotator cuff tears, including the supraspinatus and infraspinatus, (2) severe muscle atrophy and fatty change, (3) intact or reparable subscapularis tendon, and (4) Hamada of grade 3 or lower. Posterior deltoid and teres minor volume were measured using open-source medical image processing software preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively. The percentage of the posterior deltoid and teres minor muscle volume change was compared between patients with 1-year postoperative ER manual muscle testing (MMT) of grade 5 and of grade < 5. The relationship between grade of fatty change, percentage of the muscle volume change, and ER angle and strength were evaluated.

Results: There was a significant increase in the 1-year postoperative teres minor volume compared with the preoperative volume (24.6 ± 10.3 cm³ vs. 20.9 ± 8.3 cm³, P < .000), while the posterior deltoid volume remained unchanged (178.1 ± 48.3 cm³ vs. 178.8 ± 47 cm³). Patients with ER MMT of grade 5 had a greater teres minor volume change compared to those with an ER MMT grade of less than 5 (22.3% vs. 9.4%), although this difference was not significant (P = .074, 95% CI = -1.3 to 27.0). The posterior deltoid volume showed no significant change. The percentage of teres minor volume change had a weak positive correlation with ER strength (r = 0.308, P = .055, 95% CI = -0.02 to 1.0). There was a significant negative correlation between ER strength and the severity of both preoperative and postoperative fatty changes in the teres minor (r = -0.258, P = .065, 95% CI = -1.0 to -0.042 and r = -0.323, P = .028, 95% CI = -1.0 to -0.113, respectively). The pre and postoperative fatty changes in the teres minor were negatively correlated with the percentage of teres minor volume change (r = -0.298, P = .062, 95% CI = -1.0 to 0.031 and r = -0.413, P = .015, 95% CI = -1.0 to -0.1, respectively).

Conclusion: The teres minor may serve as a potential compensator for ER in patients with massive rotator cuff tears following SCR.

Keywords: External rotation compensator; Massive irreparable rotator cuff tear; Muscle volume study; Posterior deltoid; Superior capsular reconstruction; Teres minor.

Figure 1

Illustrations demonstrating the segmentation in one shoulder. (A) Deltoid border (green area). (B) Anterior (blue area) and posterior deltoid (red area) were separated in the scapular plane (red line). (C) Teres minor border (purple area).

Fig. 2

(A, B) The 3D-images of deltoid and teres minor muscles. 3D, three dimensional.