Assessment of frailty in patients with heart failure: A new Heart Failure Frailty Score developed by Delphi consensus

Cristiana Vitale¹, Emmanuelle Berthelot², Andrew J S Coats³, Hill Loreena⁴, Nancy M Albert⁵, Michal Tkaczyszyn⁶, Stamatis Adamopoulos⁷, Lisa Anderson⁸, Markus S Anker⁹, Stefan D Anker¹⁰, Derek Bell¹¹, Tuvia Ben-Gal¹², Vasiliki Bistola¹³, Biykem Bozkurt¹⁴, Poppy Brooks¹⁵, Miguel Camafort¹⁶, Juan Jesus Carrero¹⁷, Ovidiu Chioncel¹⁸, Dong-Ju Choi¹⁹, Wook-Jin Chung²⁰, Wolfram Doehner²¹, Daniel Fernández-Bergés²², Roberto Ferrari²³, Mona Fiuzat²⁴, Juan Esteban Gomez-Mesa²⁵, Finn Gustafsson²⁶, Ewa Jankowska⁶, Seok-Min Kang²⁷, Koichiro Kinugawa²⁸, Kamlesh Khunti²⁹, F D Richard Hobbs³⁰, Christopher Lee³¹, Yuri Lopatin³², Matthew Maddocks³³, Giuseppe Maltese^{34

35}, Elena Marques-Sule³⁶, Yuya Matsue³⁷, Òscar Miró³⁸, Brenda Moura³⁹, Massimo Piepoli^{40

41}, Piotr Ponikowski^{42

43}, Giovanni Pulignano⁴⁴, Amina Rakisheva⁴⁵, Robin Ray⁸, Angela Sciacqua⁴⁶, Petar Seferovic⁴⁷, Trinidad Sentandreu-Mañó⁴⁸, Shirley Sze⁴⁹, Alan Sinclair⁵⁰, Anna Strömberg⁵¹, Olga Theou⁵², Hiroyuki Tsutsui⁵³, Izabella Uchmanowicz⁵⁴, Maria Teresa Vidan⁵⁵, Maurizio Volterrani¹, Stephan von Haehling⁵⁶, Byungsu Yoo⁵⁷, Jian Zhang^{58

59}, Yuhui Zhang⁶⁰, Marco Metra⁶¹, Giuseppe Massimo Claudio Rosano^{1

62}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
² Hospital Bicetre, Le-Kremlin Bicetre, France.
³ Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
⁴ School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
⁵ Nursing Institute and Linda H. Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Treatment and Recovery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁶ Division of Translational Cardiology and Clinical Registries, Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
⁷ Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece.
⁸ Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁹ Department of Cardiology CBF German Heart Center Charité, DZHK, BCRT, University Medicine Berlin FU and HU, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité; Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹ National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC), London, UK.
¹² Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹³ Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
¹⁴ Winters Center for Heart Failure, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine and DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
¹⁵ Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Barnstaple, UK.
¹⁶ Heart Failure Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁷ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁸ Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Prof. C.C. Iliescu', University of Medicine Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁹ Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
²⁰ Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
²¹ Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department Cardiology (Virchow Klinikum), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
²² Research Unit of Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena Health Area, SES-Fundesalud, Villanueva de la Serena, Spain, University Institute for Biosanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz, Spain.
²³ Centro Cardiologico Universitario di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
²⁴ Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵ Cardiology Department, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Health Sciences Department, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.
²⁶ Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
²⁷ Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
²⁸ The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
²⁹ Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
³⁰ Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³¹ William F. Conell School of Nursing, Boston College, Newton, Massachusetts, USA.
³² Regional Cardiology Centre, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation.
³³ Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁴ Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals, Surrey, UK.
³⁵ School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁶ Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
³⁷ Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
³⁸ Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁹ Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Armed Forces Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁰ Clinical Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy.
⁴¹ Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
⁴² Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
⁴³ Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
⁴⁴ Heart Failure Clinic, Division of Cardiology/Coronary Care Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy.
⁴⁵ Cardiology Department, City Cardiology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁴⁶ Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Geriatrics Division, University Hospital R. Dulbecco, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
⁴⁷ University Medical Center, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁴⁸ Department of Physiotherapy, Advanced Research Methods Applied to Quality of Life Promotion (ARMAQoL), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁴⁹ NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
⁵⁰ King's College, London, and Foundation for Diabetes Research in Older People (fDROP), Droitwich Spa, UK.
⁵¹ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences and Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵² School of Physiotherapy and Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
⁵³ International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁵⁴ Faculty of Nursing and Midwives, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
⁵⁵ Geriatric Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranón, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging, CIBERFES, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁶ Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) (DZHK), Partner Site Lower Saxony Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁵⁷ Division of Cardiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Yonsei, Korea.
⁵⁸ State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
⁵⁹ Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, National Health Committee, Beijing, China.
⁶⁰ Fuwai Hospital & National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
⁶¹ Director Cardiology Unit ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
⁶² Department of Cardiology, San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, Cassino, Italy.

PMID: 39904922
PMCID: PMC12055373
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.15187

Assessment of frailty in patients with heart failure: A new Heart Failure Frailty Score developed by Delphi consensus

Cristiana Vitale et al. ESC Heart Fail. 2025 Jun.

. 2025 Jun;12(3):1818-1831.

doi: 10.1002/ehf2.15187. Epub 2025 Feb 4.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open, University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
² Hospital Bicetre, Le-Kremlin Bicetre, France.
³ Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
⁴ School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
⁵ Nursing Institute and Linda H. Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Treatment and Recovery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
⁶ Division of Translational Cardiology and Clinical Registries, Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
⁷ Heart Failure and Transplant Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece.
⁸ Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of London and St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁹ Department of Cardiology CBF German Heart Center Charité, DZHK, BCRT, University Medicine Berlin FU and HU, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité; Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹ National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC), London, UK.
¹² Heart Failure Unit, Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹³ Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
¹⁴ Winters Center for Heart Failure, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine and DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
¹⁵ Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Barnstaple, UK.
¹⁶ Heart Failure Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁷ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁸ Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Prof. C.C. Iliescu', University of Medicine Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania.
¹⁹ Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
²⁰ Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
²¹ Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies and Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department Cardiology (Virchow Klinikum), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Berlin and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
²² Research Unit of Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena Health Area, SES-Fundesalud, Villanueva de la Serena, Spain, University Institute for Biosanitary Research of Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz, Spain.
²³ Centro Cardiologico Universitario di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
²⁴ Division of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁵ Cardiology Department, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Health Sciences Department, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.
²⁶ Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
²⁷ Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
²⁸ The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
²⁹ Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
³⁰ Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³¹ William F. Conell School of Nursing, Boston College, Newton, Massachusetts, USA.
³² Regional Cardiology Centre, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russian Federation.
³³ Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁴ Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Epsom & St Helier University Hospitals, Surrey, UK.
³⁵ School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
³⁶ Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
³⁷ Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
³⁸ Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁹ Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Armed Forces Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
⁴⁰ Clinical Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano, Italy.
⁴¹ Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
⁴² Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
⁴³ Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
⁴⁴ Heart Failure Clinic, Division of Cardiology/Coronary Care Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy.
⁴⁵ Cardiology Department, City Cardiology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁴⁶ Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Geriatrics Division, University Hospital R. Dulbecco, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
⁴⁷ University Medical Center, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁴⁸ Department of Physiotherapy, Advanced Research Methods Applied to Quality of Life Promotion (ARMAQoL), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁴⁹ NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
⁵⁰ King's College, London, and Foundation for Diabetes Research in Older People (fDROP), Droitwich Spa, UK.
⁵¹ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences and Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
⁵² School of Physiotherapy and Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
⁵³ International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan.
⁵⁴ Faculty of Nursing and Midwives, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
⁵⁵ Geriatric Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranón, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging, CIBERFES, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁶ Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) (DZHK), Partner Site Lower Saxony Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁵⁷ Division of Cardiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Yonsei, Korea.
⁵⁸ State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
⁵⁹ Key Laboratory of Clinical Research for Cardiovascular Medications, National Health Committee, Beijing, China.
⁶⁰ Fuwai Hospital & National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
⁶¹ Director Cardiology Unit ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
⁶² Department of Cardiology, San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, Cassino, Italy.

PMID: 39904922
PMCID: PMC12055373
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.15187

Abstract

Aims: The Heart Failure Frailty Score (HFFS) is a novel, multidimensional tool to assess frailty in patients with heart failure (HF). It has been developed to overcome limitations of existing frailty assessment tools while being practical for clinical use. The HFFS reflects the concept of frailty as a multidimensional, dynamic and potentially reversible state, which increases vulnerability to stressors and risk of poor outcomes in patients with HF.

Methods and results: The HFFS was developed through a Delphi consensus process involving 54 international experts. This approach involved iterative rounds of questionnaires and interviews, where a panel of experts provided their opinions on specific questions prepared by the Steering Committee. The experts were invited to vote and share their views anonymously, using a 5-point Likert scale over iterative rounds. An 80% threshold was set for agreement or disagreement for each statement. Twenty-two variables from four domains (clinical, functional, psycho-cognitive and social) have been selected for inclusion in the HFFS after the third round of the Delphi process. A shorter version (S-HFFS), including 10 variables, has also been developed for daily clinical use.

Conclusions: The HFFS is a new multidimensional tool for the identification of frailty in patients with HF. It should also enables healthcare providers to identify potential 'red flags' for frailty in order to develop personalized care plans. The next step will be to validate the new score in patients with HF.

Keywords: Frailty; Heart failure; Management; Prognosis; Score.

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Conflict of interest statement

S. Anker reports grants and personal fees from CSL Vifor, personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Servier, grants and personal fees from Abbott Vascular, personal fees from Cardiac Dimensions, personal fees from Actimed Therapeutics, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Amgen, personal fees from Bioventrix, personal fees from V‐Wave, personal fees from Brahms, personal fees from Cordio, personal fees from Occlutech, personal fees from Cardior, personal fees from CVRx, personal fees from Cytokinetics, personal fees from Edwards, personal fees from Farraday Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from HeartKinetics, personal fees from Impulse Dynamics, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Repairon, personal fees from Medical Sensible, personal fees from Vectorious, from V‐Wave, outside the submitted work; and Dr. Anker is named co‐inventor of two patent applications regarding MR‐proANP (DE 102007010834 & DE 102007022367), but he does not benefit personally from the related issued patents. B. Bozkurt reports consulting for Abbott, Abiomed, American Regent, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, Liva Nova, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, Respicardia/Zoll, Roche, Sanofi‐Aventis, Vifor. P. Brooks reports honoraria from AstraZeneca. R. Ferrari reports personal fees from Servier International, Merck Serono, Lupin, Boehringer, Astrazeneca, Sunpharma, outside the submitted work. F. Gustafsson reports grants and personal fees from Abbott, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Pharmacosmos, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Ionis, personal fees from Alnylam, outside the submitted work. L Hill reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work. Y. Matsue reports personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., personal fees from Novartis Pharma K.K., personal fees from Bayer Inc., personal fees from AstraZeneca, grants from Pfizer Japan Inc., grants from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., grants from EN Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., grants from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., outside the submitted work. G. Rosano reports grants from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Anlylam, grants from Boheringer Ingelheim, grants from CSL Vifor, other from Menarini, other from Servier, personal fees from Cipla, grants from Medtronic, outside the submitted work. GR work was supported by funding of the Italian Ministry of Health [Ricerca corrente 20/1819]. Dr. Theou reports that he has asserted copyright of the Pictorial Fit‐Frail Scale, which is made freely available for education, research and not‐for‐profit health care. Licences for commercial use are facilitated through the Dalhousie Office of Commercialization and Industry Engagement. O. Tkaczyszyn reports personal fees (for the sub‐investigation in clinical trials) from Takeda, Impulse Dynamics, Cytokinetics, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Eidos Therapeutics and V‐Wave Ltd., outside the submitted work. H. Tsutsui reports personal fees from Novartis Pharma K.K., personal fees from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., personal fees from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., personal fees from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., personal fees from Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., personal fees from Pfizer Japan Inc., and Honoraria from AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. The other co‐authors have nothing to declare.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Main phases of the Delphi process. HFFS, Heart Failure Frailty Score; S‐HFFS, Short Heart Failure Frailty Score.

**Figure 2**
Heart Failure Frailty Score. ADLs, activities of daily living; AMT4, Abbreviated Mini Mental Test; CV, cardiovascular.

**Figure 3**
Short Heart Failure Frailty Score. ADLs, activities of daily living; AMT4, Abbreviated Mini Mental Test; CV, cardiovascular; 30‐sec CT, 30‐s chair stand test.

**Figure 4**
Negative effects of social isolation. Social isolation can cause multifactorial negative consequences thus increasing the risk of frailty.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Assessment of frailty in patients with heart failure: A new Heart Failure Frailty Score developed by Delphi consensus

Affiliations

Assessment of frailty in patients with heart failure: A new Heart Failure Frailty Score developed by Delphi consensus

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

MeSH terms

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Full Text Sources

Medical

Research Materials

Miscellaneous