Serum PKCδ is a useful biomarker to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from other gastrointestinal cancers

Abstract

Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) is a leaderless protein generally localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus; however, its extracellular unconventional protein secretion occurs exclusively in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (but not in normal and non-cancerous hepatocytes or other gastrointestinal cancer cells) via an autophagy mechanism, despite the lack of a secretory signal. Therefore, PKCδ is detectable in the peripheral blood of HCC patients. Serum PKCδ indicates cancer-related unconventional protein secretion of an inactive form of cytosolic PKCδ and can be a unique biomarker independent of conventional markers. To examine the specificity of serum PKCδ for HCC, its levels and positivity rates were compared between 226 HCC and 108 gastrointestinal cancer patients. Furthermore, we focused on patients with malignant or benign intrahepatic tumors (17 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 42 liver metastases, and 6 focal nodular hyperplasia). A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum PKCδ levels; the optimal cutoff value was set to 57.7 ng/mL. HCC patients had significantly higher PKCδ levels and positivity rates than gastrointestinal cancer patients (median, 51.1 vs. 34.6 ng/mL; 39.8 % vs. 4.6 %; P < 0.001 for both). Thus, the specificity was 95.4 %. Focusing on intrahepatic tumors, 2 (4.8 %) of 42 gastrointestinal cancer patients with liver metastasis were positive for PKCδ. Notably, all patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and focal nodular hyperplasia were negative for PKCδ, irrespective of their intrahepatic tumors being malignant or benign. Serum PKCδ is an extracellularly secreted protein specific for HCC that can be a novel diagnostic biomarker because it distinguishes HCC from other gastrointestinal cancers and intrahepatic non-HCC tumors.

Keywords: Biomarker; Diagnosis; Gastrointestinal cancer; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver cancer; Specificity.