Competing interests: T.M.B. is co-founder and Chair of the Hepatitis B Foundation and is on the board of Hepion, Harlingene Life Sciences, Cirna Diagnostics and SAB: Excision. C.A.C. is President of the Hepatitis B Foundation, which has received grants from Gilead Sciences, GSK, Roche, Dynavax and Moderna, all outside of the submitted work. J.J.F. declares competing interests with Abbott, Abbvie, Bluejay, Gilead, GSK, Pfizer, Roche and Vir. R.G.G. is the Medical Director at the Hepatitis B Foundation, and has consulted for or received honoraria from Abacus, Aligos, Altimunne, Antios, Dynavax, Enyo, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Precision BioSciences, Tune Therapeutics, Venatorx and Virion. J.-T.G. is co-founder of RimmSting Life Sciences, is a member of the scientific advisory board for GeneLancet Biosciences, and is a scientific consultant for Brii BioSciences, Argo Pharmaceuticals and ARV Technologies. I.M.J. has acted as a consultant or advisor for Aligos Therapeutics, Altimmune, Arbutus Biopharma, Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, Assembly Biosciences, Biomarin Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Moderna, NeuroBo Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Precision Biosciences and RedHill Biopharma, and has received grants or research support from Astrazeneca, Assembly Biosciences, AusperBio, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cymabay Therapeutics, Eiger Biopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Genfit, Genkyotex, Gilead, GSK, Inventiva, Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Ipsen, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Madrigal, Merck, Mirum Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk and the Rockefeller Institute (NIH supported). M.S. has received grants from Grifols, GSK, Vir and the National Institutes of Health, and has received personal fees from AbbVie, Aligos, Immunocore, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Pfizer, Virion and Vir. F.Z. consults for Aligos, Antios, Arbutus, Assembly, Enanta, Enochian, Gilead, GSK, Roche, Viravaxx and Zhimeng, and has received research grants from Assembly, Beam, Janssen and Viravaxx. H.J.A., P.D.B., C.M.R., W.M.S. and C.LT. declare no competing interests.