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. 2025 Dec;45(1):2460545.
doi: 10.1080/01443615.2025.2460545. Epub 2025 Feb 6.

Fetuin-B and oxidative stress disrupt placental trophoblasts during maternal undernourishment

Mia Camilliere  1 , Marella R Verde  2 , Michael S Wolin  2 , May M Rabadi  3 , Brian B Ratliff  2   3
Affiliations

Fetuin-B and oxidative stress disrupt placental trophoblasts during maternal undernourishment

Mia Camilliere et al. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2025 Dec.

Abstract

Background: Insufficient nutrition during pregnancy can lead to negative health outcomes for both mother and foetus. Maternal undernourishment (MUN) can be due to many factors like hyperemesis gravidarum or poor access to nutrition. Just as MUN can affect the mother and foetus, it can adversely affect the vital placental interface between the two. We suspect an observed increase in fetuin-B and oxidative stress in MUN placentas could be major players responsible for the placental insufficiency often seen with MUN.

Methods: To establish a model of MUN during pregnancy, a reduced protein chow was fed to pregnant dams at a caloric deficit. We examined the MUN placentas and the downstream effects of fetuin-B and oxidative stress at the whole organ and trophoblast levels. We examined fetuin-B's role in trophoblast pathology by measuring apoptosis, proliferation, TLR4 activation, expression of NF-ΚB p65, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial superoxide production. The effects of MUN and fetuin-B on mitochondrial superoxide production, antioxidant levels, metabolism, and electron transport chain complex activity were compared directly. Pharmaceutical interventions were utilised to narrow down specific pathways involved.

Results: Studies indicated that MUN and oxidative stress upregulated fetuin-B in the placenta. This relationship displayed a positive feedback loop as fetuin-B, in turn, promoted oxidative stress through activation of TLR4. Consequently, MUN, fetuin-B, and oxidative stress promoted apoptosis and reduced proliferative expansion of trophoblast, thereby reducing their quantity. MUN and fetuin-B reduced mitochondrial metabolism and function, promoting mitochondrial dysregulation and superoxide generation in MUN trophoblasts.

Conclusions: Our study sheds light on the mechanisms responsible for MUN-induced placental insufficiency while identifying therapeutic agents as possible add-on interventions.

Keywords: fetuin-b; maternal undernourishment; mitochondria; oxidative stress; placenta; trophoblast.

Plain language summary

Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of poor health outcomes and complications. This can be linked to the hindered development of the placenta, a gestational organ responsible for nutrient and waste exchange between a mother and foetus. Primary cells obtained from an established animal model were used to examine the effects of maternal undernourishment (MUN) on placental development. A commercial human cell line was also employed to investigate how fetuin-B upregulation may play a role in placental insufficiency observed during MUN. MUN was found to increase oxidative stress and fetuin-B in the placenta, which in turn reduced placental stem cell pools and promoted mitochondrial dysfunction. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms responsible for MUN-induced placental insufficiency while identifying therapeutic agents as possible add-on interventions.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Interest Statement

The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

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