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. 2025 Feb 7;15(1):4606.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89236-1.

Coupling effect of landscape patterns on the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services: a case study in Harbin City, Northeast China

Yuxin Qi  1   2 , Peixin Shen  1 , Shu Ren  1 , Tianyi Chen  3 , Yuandong Hu  4   5
Affiliations

Coupling effect of landscape patterns on the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem services: a case study in Harbin City, Northeast China

Yuxin Qi et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

To secure the enduring the long-term growth of ecosystem services, the city of Harbin in northeastern China must prioritize the optimization of its landscape pattern. However, there is a dearth of studies pertaining to the geospatial repercussions of landscape patterns on ecosystem services. This study examined the properties of spatio-temporal evolution of Harbin's landscape patterns from 2000 to 2020 and six essential ecosystem services: food supply, water yield, soil conservation, carbon storage, water purification, and habitat quality. It used the geographical detector (GD) to reveal the effects of landscape pattern changes on ecosystem services and the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to map ecosystem services' responses to changes in landscape pattern heterogeneity. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the landscape types in Harbin tended to become richer, the spatial heterogeneity increased, and the degree of fragmentation decreased significantly. Water yield continued to increase, habitat quality slightly improved, soil conservation and carbon storage initially decreased and then increased, and water purification and food supply first increased and then decreased. Landscape pattern evolution had a substantial impact on ecosystem services. Landscape composition had a greater influence on ecosystem services than did landscape configuration in Harbin City, with the proportion of agricultural land, the proportion of woodland, the largest patch index, and the aggregation index having a greater effect on ecosystem services. A significant challenge in territorial spatial planning is how to develop distinct ecosystem services in a balanced fashion, because in the majority of cases, the effects of landscape patterns on individual services are different or even opposing. To optimize local landscape patterns and develop total ecosystem services in a balanced manner, policymakers can use the study's results, which emphasize the complex response of ecosystem services to changes in landscape patterns, to develop more accurate spatial planning strategies and plans.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to publish: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Location of Harbin City in northeast China.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
LULC of Harbin City from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
LULC transition matrix from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Spatial distributions of the partial landscape indices at the landscape level from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Changes in ESs from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Trade-offs and synergies between pairs of ESs from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Contributions (q values) of the landscape indices to ESs.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
GWR model fitting results for ESs.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
The quantitative effects of PLAND_al in depicting ESs through GWR.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
The quantitative effects of PLAND_wl in depicting ESs through GWR.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
The quantitative effects of LPI in depicting ESs through GWR.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
The quantitative effects of CONTAG in depicting ESs through GWR.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
The quantitative effects of PD in depicting ESs through GWR.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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