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Review
. 2025 Apr;48(4):386-393.
doi: 10.1111/pace.15158. Epub 2025 Feb 10.

Late Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmias After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Outcomes and Predictors

Suganya Karikalan  1 , Justin Z Lee  1   2 , Min-Choon Tan  1 , Nan Zhang  3 , Ammar M Killu  4 , Abhishek J Deshmukh  4 , Christopher J McLeod  5 , Dan Sorajja  1 , Hicham El-Masry  1 , Siva K Mulpuru  4 , Yong-Mei Cha  4 , Luis Scott  1
Affiliations
Review

Late Sustained Ventricular Arrhythmias After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Outcomes and Predictors

Suganya Karikalan et al. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Background: The factors contributing to sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) >30 days after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation are not well-established.

Objectives: This study aimed to predict the factors associated with late sustained VAs after LVAD implantation and develop a predictive score to identify patients with an increased risk of late sustained VAs after the procedure.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on a training cohort of 623 patients and a validation cohort of 157 patients who underwent LVAD implantation at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Phoenix, and Jacksonville) from January 1, 2000, to December 30, 2020. Late sustained VAs were defined as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurring >30 days after the LVAD procedure. Detailed chart reviews of the electronic health records within the Mayo Clinic and outside medical records were performed.

Results: A total of 780 patients were included in our study. Late sustained VAs occurred in 30% (n = 232) of the patients. The significant factors associated with late sustained VAs after LVAD were the history of VAs prior to LVAD (34.1% vs. 23.0%, p < 0.01), implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) (87.9% vs. 77.6%, p < 0.01) or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in situ (43.5% vs. 33.6%, p = 0.008), VT ablation prior to LVAD (5.2% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.010), use of amiodarone (49.1% vs. 38.7%, p = 0.007), use of mexiletine (15.5% vs. 5.7%, p < 0.01), and higher left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) on echocardiography prior to LVAD implantation (71.4 vs. 68.7 mm, p = 0.002). During follow-up, the patients who developed late sustained VAs after LVAD had lower survival than those who did not (HR = 1.96, 95% CI:156-2.4, p < 0.001). The average time from LVAD to orthotopic heart transplant was longer among late sustained VAs patients (23 vs. 14 months, p < 0.01). The "VIN" risk score was created to identify four risk groups: low (scores 0), intermediate (score 1), high (score 2), and very high (score 3). The rates of late VA's in the training cohort at 1 year were 9.5%, 14%, 18%, and 25% which was almost similar to the risk of late VA's at validation cohort 10%, 12%, 20%, and 63%, respectively.

Conclusions: Late sustained VAs occurred in 30% of the patients who received LVAD and were associated with lower survival. The VIN risk score was developed and validated to stratify patients into low, intermediate, high, and very high risk of late sustained VAs.

Keywords: late sustained ventricular arrhythmias; left ventricular assist device implantation; predicting factors.

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