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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Feb 11;2(2):CD001920.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001920.pub4.

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke

Alex Todhunter-Brown  1 , Ceri E Sellers  1 , Gillian D Baer  2 , Pei Ling Choo  3 , Julie Cowie  4 , Joshua D Cheyne  5 , Peter Langhorne  6 , Julie Brown  7 , Jacqui Morris  8 , Pauline Campbell  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke

Alex Todhunter-Brown et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Various approaches to physical rehabilitation to improve function and mobility are used after stroke. There is considerable controversy around the relative effectiveness of approaches, and little known about optimal delivery and dose. Some physiotherapists base their treatments on a single approach; others use components from several different approaches.

Objectives: Primary objective: To determine whether physical rehabilitation is effective for recovery of function and mobility in people with stroke, and to assess if any one physical rehabilitation approach is more effective than any other approach.

Secondary objective: To explore factors that may impact the effectiveness of physical rehabilitation approaches, including time after stroke, geographical location of study, intervention dose/duration, intervention provider, and treatment components. Stakeholder involvement: Key aims were to clarify the focus of the review, inform decisions about subgroup analyses, and co-produce statements relating to key implications.

Search methods: For this update, we searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register (last searched November 2022), CENTRAL (2022, Issue 10), MEDLINE (1966 to November 2022), Embase (1980 to November 2022), AMED (1985 to November 2022), CINAHL (1982 to November 2022), and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (to November 2022).

Selection criteria: Inclusion criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of physical rehabilitation approaches aimed at promoting the recovery of function or mobility in adult participants with a clinical diagnosis of stroke.

Exclusion criteria: RCTs of upper limb function or single treatment components.

Primary outcomes: measures of independence in activities of daily living (IADL) and motor function.

Secondary outcomes: balance, gait velocity, and length of stay.

Data collection and analysis: Two independent authors selected studies according to pre-defined eligibility criteria, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence.

Main results: In this review update, we included 267 studies (21,838 participants). Studies were conducted in 36 countries, with half (133/267) in China. Generally, studies were heterogeneous, and often poorly reported. We judged only 14 studies in meta-analyses as at low risk of bias for all domains and, on average, we considered 33% of studies in analyses of primary outcomes at high risk of bias. Is physical rehabilitation more effective than no (or minimal) physical rehabilitation? Compared to no physical rehabilitation, physical rehabilitation may improve IADL (standardised mean difference (SMD) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08 to 1.56; 52 studies, 5403 participants; low-certainty evidence) and motor function (SMD 1.01, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22; 50 studies, 5669 participants; low-certainty evidence). There was evidence of long-term benefits for these outcomes. Physical rehabilitation may improve balance (MD 4.54, 95% CI 1.36 to 7.72; 9 studies, 452 participants; low-certainty evidence) and likely improves gait velocity (SMD 0.23, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.42; 18 studies, 1131 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), but with no evidence of long-term benefits. Is physical rehabilitation more effective than attention control? The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of physical rehabilitation, as compared to attention control, on IADL (SMD 0.91, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.75; 2 studies, 106 participants), motor function (SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.38; 5 studies, 237 participants), and balance (MD 6.61, 95% CI -0.45 to 13.66; 4 studies, 240 participants). Physical rehabilitation likely improves gait speed when compared to attention control (SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.54; 7 studies, 405 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Does additional physical rehabilitation improve outcomes? Additional physical rehabilitation may improve IADL (SMD 1.26, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.71; 21 studies, 1972 participants; low-certainty evidence) and motor function (SMD 0.69, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.92; 22 studies, 1965 participants; low-certainty evidence). Very few studies assessed these outcomes at long-term follow-up. Additional physical rehabilitation may improve balance (MD 5.74, 95% CI 3.78 to 7.71; 15 studies, 795 participants; low-certainty evidence) and gait velocity (SMD 0.59, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.91; 19 studies, 1004 participants; low-certainty evidence). Very few studies assessed these outcomes at long-term follow-up. Is any one approach to physical rehabilitation more effective than any other approach? Compared to other approaches, those that focus on functional task training may improve IADL (SMD 0.58, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.87; 22 studies, 1535 participants; low-certainty evidence) and motor function (SMD 0.72, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.22; 20 studies, 1671 participants; very low-certainty evidence) but the evidence in the latter is very uncertain. The benefit was sustained long-term. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of functional task training on balance (MD 2.16, 95% CI -0.24 to 4.55) and gait velocity (SMD 0.28, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.56). Compared to other approaches, neurophysiological approaches may be less effective than other approaches in improving IADL (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.06; 14 studies, 737 participants; low-certainty evidence), and there may be no difference in improving motor function (SMD -0.60, 95% CI -1.32 to 0.12; 13 studies, 663 participants; low-certainty evidence), balance (MD -0.60, 95% CI -5.90 to 6.03; 9 studies, 292 participants; low-certainty evidence), and gait velocity (SMD -0.17, 95% CI -0.62 to 0.27; 16 studies, 630 participants; very low-certainty evidence), but the evidence is very uncertain about the effect on gait velocity. For all comparisons, the evidence is very uncertain about the effects of physical rehabilitation on adverse events and length of hospital stay.

Authors' conclusions: Physical rehabilitation, using a mix of different treatment components, likely improves recovery of function and mobility after stroke. Additional physical rehabilitation, delivered as an adjunct to 'usual' rehabilitation, may provide added benefits. Physical rehabilitation approaches that focus on functional task training may be useful. Neurophysiological approaches to physical rehabilitation may be no different from, or less effective than, other physical rehabilitation approaches. Certainty in this evidence is limited due to substantial heterogeneity, with mainly small studies and important differences between study populations and interventions. We feel it is unlikely that any studies published since November 2022 would alter our conclusions. Given the size of this review, future updates warrant consensus discussion amongst stakeholders to ensure the most relevant questions are explored for optimal decision-making.

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Conflict of interest statement

Alex Todhunter‐Brown* ‐ Chief Scientist Office (Grant/Contract); former Editor of Cochrane Stroke (closed March 2023) and current Co‐lead of Cochrane Heart, Stroke & Circulation Thematic Group; not involved in editorial processing or decision‐making for this review update.

Ceri E Sellers ‐ no relevant interests; qualified physiotherapist and registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) in the United Kingdom; researcher at Glasgow Caledonian University; member of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP) in the United Kingdom.

Gillian Baer ‐ no relevant interests; lecturer in physiotherapy, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh; carried out a trial included in this review (Baer 2007) ‐ Chief Scientist Office Scotland partial funding for Baer 2007.

Pei Ling Choo ‐ no relevant interests; freelance physiotherapist.

Julie Cowie ‐ none known.

Joshua D Cheyne ‐ former Information Specialist of Cochrane Stroke (closed March 2023) and was not involved in the editorial process or decision‐making for this review update.

Peter Langhorne* ‐ no relevant interests; published reviews in the area of multidisciplinary rehabilitation; previously worked as a health professional in multidisciplinary rehabilitation; former Editor of Cochrane Stroke (closed in March 2023) and was not involved in the editorial processing or decision‐making for this review update.

Julie Brown ‐ no relevant interests; Specialist Physiotherapist for Simpson Physiotherapy from October 2022 to February 2023.

Jacqui Morris ‐ none known.

Pauline Campbell ‐ Chief Scientist Office (Grant/Contract); National Institute for Health Research (Grant/Contract).

* Former editorial board members of Cochrane Stroke (closed March 2023).

Figures

1
1
Framework for describing physical rehabilitation treatment components, co‐produced with stakeholder group. Definitions of terms: see Table 10
2
2
PRISMA flow diagram
3
3
Comparison: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation
4
4
Comparison: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation
5
5
Comparison: Additional therapy + usual therapy versus usual therapy
6
6
Comparison: Additional therapy + usual therapy versus usual therapy
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcomes, Outcome 1: Independence in ADL scales
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcomes, Outcome 2: Motor function scales
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcomes, Outcome 3: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcomes, Outcome 4: Gait velocity
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcomes, Outcome 5: Length of stay
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcomes, Outcome 6: Adverse events
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: persisting outcomes, Outcome 1: Independence in ADL scales
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: persisting outcomes, Outcome 2: Motor function scales
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: persisting outcomes, Outcome 3: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: persisting outcomes, Outcome 4: Gait velocity
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: persisting outcomes, Outcome 5: Adverse eventsa
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: immediate outcomes, Outcome 1: Independence in ADL scales
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: immediate outcomes, Outcome 2: Motor function scales
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: immediate outcomes, Outcome 3: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: immediate outcomes, Outcome 4: Gait velocity
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: immediate outcomes, Outcome 5: Length of stay
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: immediate outcomes, Outcome 6: Adverse events
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: persisting outcomes, Outcome 1: Independence in ADL scales
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: persisting outcomes, Outcome 2: Motor function scales
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: persisting outcomes, Outcome 3: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Physical rehabilitation versus attention control: persisting outcomes, Outcome 4: Gait velocity
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes, Outcome 1: Independence in ADL scales
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes, Outcome 2: Motor function scales
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes, Outcome 3: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes, Outcome 4: Gait velocity
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes, Outcome 5: Adverse events
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: persisting outcomes, Outcome 1: Independence in ADL scales
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: persisting outcomes, Outcome 2: Motor function scales
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: persisting outcomes, Outcome 3: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: persisting outcomes, Outcome 4: Gait velocity
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 1: Functional task training compared to other: Independence in ADL scales
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 2: Functional task training compared to other: Motor function scales
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 3: Functional task training compared to other: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 4: Functional task training compared to other: Gait velocity
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 5: Functional task training compared to other: Length of hospital stay
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 6: Functional task training compared to other approaches: Adverse events
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 7: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other: Independence in ADL scales
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 8: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other: Motor function scales
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 9: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
7.10
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 10: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other approaches: Gait velocity
7.11
7.11. Analysis
Comparison 7: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: immediate outcomes, Outcome 11: Neurophysiological approach compared to other: Adverse events
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 1: Functional task training compared to other approaches: Independence in ADL scales
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 2: Functional task training compared to other approaches: Motor function scales
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 3: Functional task training compared to other approaches: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 4: Functional task training compared to other approaches: Gait velocity
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 5: Functional task training compared to other approaches: Adverse events
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 6: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other approaches: Independence in ADL scales
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 7: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other approaches: Motor function scales
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 8: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other approaches: Balance (Berg Balance Scale)
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8: Comparison of different physical rehabilitation approaches: persisting outcomes, Outcome 9: Neurophysiological approaches compared to other approaches: Gait velocity
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 1: Length of time post stroke
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 2: Geographical location ‐ continent of study conduct
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 3: Amount of treatment (less or more than 2.5 hours/week)
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 4: Duration of intervention
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 5: Focus of treatment components
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 6: Named approaches
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 7: Provider of intervention
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 1: Length of time post stroke
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 2: Geographical location ‐ continent of study conduct
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 3: Amount of treatment (less or more than 2.5 hours/week)
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 4: Duration of intervention
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 5: Focus of treatment components
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 6: Named approaches
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10: Subgroup analysis: Physical rehabilitation versus no physical rehabilitation: immediate outcome ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 7: Provider of intervention
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 1: Length of time post stroke
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 2: Geographical location ‐ continent of study conduct
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 3: Amount of additional treatment (less or more than 2.5 hours/week)
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 4: Duration of intervention
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 5: Focus of treatment components
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ independence in ADL scales, Outcome 6: Provider of intervention
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 1: Length of time post stroke
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 2: Geographical location ‐ continent of study conduct
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 3: Amount of additional treatment (less or more than 2.5 hours/week)
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 4: Duration of intervention
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 5: Focus of treatment components
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12: Subgroup analysis: Additional physical rehabilitation + usual therapy versus usual therapy: immediate outcomes ‐ motor function scales, Outcome 6: Provider of intervention
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References

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    1. Brock K, Haase G, Rothacher G, Cotton S. Does physiotherapy based on the Bobath concept, in conjunction with a task practice, achieve greater improvement in walking ability in people with stroke compared to physiotherapy focused on structured task practice alone? A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;25(10):903-12. - PubMed
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Brouwer 2018 {published data only}
    1. Brouwer B, Bryant D, Garland SJ. Effectiveness of client-centered "tune-ups" on community reintegration, mobility, and quality of life after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;99(7):1325-32. - PubMed
Bui 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bui M-M, Nguyen V-D, Thai H-N, Trinh D-T. The efficiency of combining modified acupuncture and motor relearning method on post-stroke patients. MedPharmRes 2019;3(1):17-21. [DOI: 10.32895/UMP.MPR.3.1.17] - DOI
    1. Bui Pham Minh Man, Thuong Trinh Thi Dieu. Efficiency of the combination of modified acupuncture and motor relearning method in post-stroke patients. Biomed Res Ther 2017;4:S94.
Candan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Candan AS, Livanelioglu A. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy for lower limb on motor function in stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. International Journal of Physiotherapy 2017;4(5):269-77.
Cao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cao Li, Tian Weiqin. Analysis of the effect of intensive walking training in the rehabilitation of limbs in patients with early stroke hemiplegia [强化步行训练在早期脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体康复过程中的果分析]. Laboratory Medicine and Clinic 2014;11(15):2175-7.
Capisizu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Capisizu A, Aurelian SM, Mirsu-Paun A et al. A key for post-stroke rehabilitation in the elderly. Acta Medica Mediterranea 2016;32:1003-7.
Carlson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Carlson TD, Cahn L, Leloup B. The effects of intense massed practice on balance and ambulation post-stroke: a pilot study. Platforms, thematic posters, and posters for CSM 2007. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 2006;30(4):211.
Chae 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chae SH, Kim YL, Lee SM. Effects of phase proprioceptive training on balance in patients with chronic stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29:839-44. - PMC - PubMed
Chan DY 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chan DY, Chan CC, Au DK. Motor relearning programme for stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006;20(3):191-200. - PubMed
Chang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chang Hong. Analysis of factors affecting the prognosis of limb motor function and ADL ability in stroke patients with hemiplegia after three-level rehabilitation therapy. Mod Diagn Treat 2015;26(13):2978-9.
Chan WN 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chan W-N, Tsang W W-N. Effect of Tai Chi training on dual-tasking performance that involves stepping down among stroke survivors: a pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017;9134173:1-12. - PMC - PubMed
Chen G 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chen Guijun, Liu Yijing. Influence of early limb function exercise on hemiplegia patients with cerebral infarction [早期肢体功能锻炼对脑梗死偏瘫病人的影响]. Chinese Nursing Research 2014;28(5):1846-7.
Cheng 2021 {published data only}
    1. Cheng Wei, Liu Xiaojun, Zhang Ekeng, Cheng Qiaozhen. Effect of standardized three-level rehabilitation treatment on the motor function of patientswith ischemic stroke [规范的三级康复治疗对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响]. IMHGN 2021;27(12):1778-81. [DOI: 10 . 3760 /cma . j . issn . 1007 - 1245 . 2021 . 12. 011]
    1. Cheng Wei, Liu Xiaojun, Zhang Ekeng, Cheng Qiaozhen. Influence of standardized tertiary rehabilitation therapy on motor function in patients with ischemic stroke [规范的三级康复治疗对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响]. IMHGN 2021;27(12):1778.
Chen J 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chen Jiang. Analysis of the effect of community tertiary rehabilitation therapy on the treatment of stroke sequelae. Contemporary Medicine Forum 2014;12(20):215-6.
Chen L 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chen L, Xiong S, Liu Y, Lin M, Zhu L, Zhong R, et al. Comparison of motor relearning program versus Bobath approach for prevention of poststroke apathy: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2019;28(3):655-64. - PubMed
Chen P 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chen Peishun, Zhong Tao, Tang Xiumei, Yang Huixian, Tan Bidong, Su Rutong, et al. Effects of functional exercise training on lower limb muscle strength and muscle tone in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Nerve Injury and Functional Reconstruction (translated from Chinese) 2014;9(2):161-2. [DOI: 10.3870/sjsscj.2014.02.022] - DOI
Chen S 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chen S, Lv C, Wu J, Zhou C, Shui X, Wang Y. Effectiveness of a home-based exercise program among patients with lower limb spasticity post-stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Nursing Research 2021;15(1):1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2020.08.007] - DOI - PubMed
Chen Y 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chen Yan. Influence of post-discharge rehabilitation guidance on early rehabilitation of patients with limb paralysis caused by stroke. China Prac Med 2011;6(29):252-3.
Choi JU 2015 {published data only}
    1. Choi JU, Kang SH. The effects of patient-centered task-oriented training on balance activities of daily living and self-efficacy following stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015;27(9):2985-8. - PMC - PubMed
Choi YK 2013 {published data only}
    1. Choi YK, Nam CW, Lee JH, Park YH. The effects of taping prior to PNF treatment on lower extremity proprioception of hemiplegic patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2013;25(9):1119-22. - PMC - PubMed
Chu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chu P. Effect of early facilitation techniques on motor function of stroke patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(7):1189.
Cooke 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cooke E, Tallis R, Miller S, Pomeroy V. The effects of type and intensity of physiotherapy on lower limb strength and function after stroke. In: UK Stroke Forum Conference. 2007:25-6.
    1. Cooke EV, Tallis RC, Clark A, Pomeroy VM. Efficacy of functional strength training on restoration of lower-limb motor function early after stroke: phase I randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2010;24(1):88-96. - PubMed
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    1. Kerr A, Cooke EV, Rowe P, Clark A, Pomeroy V. The effects of different physical therapy interventions on restoring fluency of sit-to-stand early after stroke. randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2012;7:49. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4930.2012.00961.x] - DOI
    1. Kerr A, Clark A, Cooke EV, Rowe V, Pomeroy VM. Functional strength training and movement performance therapy produce analogous improvement in sit-to-stand early after stroke: early-phase randomised controlled trial CNO - CN-01403235. Physiotherapy 2017;103(3):259-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.12.006] - DOI - PubMed
Dai 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dai L. Effects of acupuncture and rehabilitation training on motor function of strokepatients. Chinese Medicine Modern Distance Education of China (translated journal title) 2015;13(11):72-3. [DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2779.2015.11.038] - DOI
Dalal 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dalal KK, Joshua AM, Nayak A, Mithra P, Misri Z, Unnikrishnan B. Effectiveness of prowling with proprioceptive training on knee hyperextension among stroke subjects using videographic observation- a randomised controlled trial. Gait Posture 2018;61:232-7. - PubMed
Danlami 2017 {published data only}
    1. Abdullahi, A, Danlami KA. Remodeling the protocol of lower limb constraint induced movement therapy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry 2017;PACTR201703002073205.
    1. Danlami KL, Abdullahi A. Remodelling the protocol of lower limb constraint-induced movement therapy:a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch Physiother Glob Res 2017;21(4):21-7.
Dean 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dean CM, Richards CL, Malouin F. Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: a randomised, controlled pilot trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81:409-17. - PubMed
Dean 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dean C, Rissel C, Sharkey M, Sherrington C, Cumming R, Lord S, et al. Ongoing exercise opportunities to prevent falls and enhance mobility in community dwellers after stroke: the stroke club trial. International Journal of Stroke 2010;5:12.
    1. Dean C. Exercise intervention to prevent falls, enhance mobility and increase physical activity in community dwellers after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), 2006. http://www.anzctr.org.au/.
    1. Dean CM, Rissel C, Sharkey M, Sherrington C, Cumming RG, Barker RN, et al. Exercise intervention to prevent falls and enhance mobility in community dwellers after stroke: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2009;9:38. - PMC - PubMed
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Deng 2011 {published data only}
    1. Deng RY, Xing FM, Wang L, Zhao HY. Influence of ADL system intervention on movement function and quality of life of stroke patients. Journal of Jilin University Medicine Edition 2011;37(6):1129-32.
Ding 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ding Yanying, Liu Wanyan. Patients with hemiplegic cerebral infarction in early stage of targeted limb task function. The effect of strength training. [脑梗死偏瘫患者在早期行针对性肢体任务功能或力量训练的效果]. China Prac Med 2015;10(17):271-3. [DOI: 10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2015.17.186] - DOI
DOSE 2020 {published data only}
    1. Klassen T, Dukelow S, Bayley M, Hill M, Piitz M, Pooyania S, et al. Integrating front-line clinicians to deliver complex interventions in multi-site, randomized, stroke rehabilitation clinical trials: lessons learned from the dose study. International Journal of Stroke 2018;13(25):90.
    1. Klassen T, Eng JJ, Bayley M, Benavente O, Krassioukov A, Piitz M, et al. Determining Optimal post-Stroke Exercise (DOSE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial investigating exercise intensity during inpatient rehabilitation. International Journal of Stroke 2017;12(45):57. - PubMed
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Du 2014 {published data only}
    1. Du Xiangzhu, Zhang Yunxu, Shang Shumei, Guo Liangjun, Shen Zilu, Ma Yue. Influence of intensive walking training on the early rehabilitation effect of acute cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia [强化步行训练对急性脑梗死偏瘫患者早期康复效果的影响]. Anhui Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal 2014;18(12):2406-7. [DOI: 1 0 ． 3 9 6 9 / j ． i s s n ． 1 0 0 9 － 6 4 6 9 ． 2 0 1 4 ． 1 2 ． 0 6 9]
Duan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Duan Chun-xing, Li Bao, Xie Ren-ming. Effects of task-oriented training on balance function and walking ability in stroke patients. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation 2011;26(4):256-8.
Duncan 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Duncan P, Richards L, Wallace D, Stoker-Yates J, Pohl P, Luchies C, et al. A randomized, controlled pilot study of a home-based exercise program for individuals with mild and moderate stroke. Stroke 1998;29:2055-60. - PubMed
Duncan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Duncan P, Studenski S, Richards L, Gollub S, Lai SM, Reker D, et al. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke 2003;34:2173-80. - PubMed
Epple 2020 {published data only}
    1. Epple C, Maurer-Burkhard B, Lichti MC, Steiner T. Vojta therapy improves postural control in very early stroke rehabilitation: a randomised controlled pilot trial. Neurological Research and Practice 2020;2:23. - PMC - PubMed
Fang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Fang Y, Chen X, Li H, Huang R, Zeng J. A study on additional early physiotherapy after stroke and factors affecting functional recovery. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;17:608-17. - PubMed
Fang H 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fang Hong. Effect of balance training on stroke hemiplegia patients' gait and step. Journal of Zhejang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2010;34(4):565-6.
Fang YN 2004 {published data only}
    1. Fang Y-N, Li H, Zeng J-S, Chen X-H, Ma M-M, Lin J-W, et al. Analysis of the factors affecting the functional rehabilitation of senile stroke patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2004;8(10):1818-20.
Fan L 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fan Li-chan, Shang Wei-ping, Liu Cui-hua, Rong Xiao-chuan, Chen Li-shan. The effect of intense task training to improve walking function of patients with acute cerebral infarction and hemiplegia [任务强化性训练对急性脑梗死偏瘫患者步行功能的影响]. Today Nurse 2014;11:93-4.
Fan WK 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fan W, Hu Y, Wu Y. Clinical study of standardized three stages' rehabilitation program in promoting motor function in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;21(6):484-7.
    1. Jiang C, Hu Y, Wu Y. Cost-effectiveness evaluation in stroke patients received standard tertiary rehabilitation for 6 months. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;21(2):114-7.
    1. Jiang C, Hu Y, Wu Y. The cost-effectiveness analysis of early rehabilitation of cerebral vascular accident patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;21(11):973-6.
    1. Sun Li-min, Hu Yong-shan, Wu Yi, Jiang Chong-yu, Zhu Yu-lian, Fan Wen-ke, et al. A clinical study of the effects of standardized tertiary rehabilitation for promoting limb motor function in patients with stroke. Chin J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;29(5):318-21.
Fan WS 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fan Wenshuang, Cao Ling. Effect of PNF therapy on motor function of stroke and hemiplegic patients with diabetes [PNF疗法对伴糖尿病的脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能的影响]. HeiLongJiang Medicine Journal 2006;19(1):77.
Fan X 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fan Xiaoyan. Effects of active and passive exercise training on lower extremity function in stroke patients with hemiplegia [主动和被动运动训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响]. Chinese Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;5:150.
Fan Y 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fan Y. Observe the rehabilitation treatment of neurological deficits in cerebral vascular disease. China Continuing Medical Education 2015;7(32):197-8.
FeSTivaLS 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cross J. FeST1vAIS. Functional strength training to improve walking and upper limb function in people at least 1 year after stroke. UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database, 2009. http://public.ukcrn.org.uk/search/ (last accessed 27 June 2013).
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Frimpong 2014 {published data only}
    1. Frimpong E, Olawale OA, Antwi DA, Antwi-Boasiako C, Dzudzor B. Task-oriented circuit training improves ambulatory functions in acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medicine and Medical Science 2014;5(8):169-75.
Gelber 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gelber DA, Good DC, Herrmann D. Comparison of two physical therapy approaches in the treatment of the pure motor hemiparetic patient. Neurology 1993;43:A234.
    1. Gelber DA, Josefczyk PB, Herrman D, Good DC, Verhulst SJ. Comparison of two therapy approaches in the rehabilitation of the pure motor hemiparetic stroke patient. Journal of Neurologic Rehabilitation 1995;9:191-6.
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Ge W 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ge W, Hu J. Impact of early rehabilitation therapy on ADL in stroke patients with paralysis. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(5):853.
Ge Y 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ge Y, Zhai W. Application of compulsory exercise therapy in rehabilitation treatment of stroke and hemiplegia [强制性运动疗法在脑卒中偏瘫康复治疗中的应用]. Medical Information 2020;33(20):89-90.
Ghasemi 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ghasemi E, Khademi-Kalantari K, Khalkhali-Zavieh M, Rezasoltani A, Ghasemi M, Akbarzadeh Baghban A, et al. The effect of functional stretching exercises on neural and mechanical properties of the spastic medial gastrocnemius muscle in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2018;27(7):1733-42. - PubMed
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Gong Y 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gong Yanfei, Zhou Xiao, Cai Han, Sun Xiaomin. Comparison of curative effect of double and unilateral limb function training on the rehabilitation of hemiplegia after stroke [双与单侧肢体功能训练对脑卒中偏瘫康复疗效的比较]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation 2009;24(1):34.
Green 2002 {published data only}
    1. Green J, Forster A, Bogle S, Young J. Physiotherapy for patients with mobility problems more than 1 year after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:199-203. - PubMed
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Guan 2017 {published data only}
    1. Guan M, Liu S, Li B, Li C, Qu Y. Effect of motor relearning programme on motor function recovery of acute stroke patients with hemiplegia [运动再学习训练对脑卒中急性期偏瘫患者运动功能的康复作用]. Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg 2017;17(3):197-201.
Guo L 2012 {published data only}
    1. Guo Liyun, Cui Lixia, Wang Luping, Tian Zeli, Xu Haixia. Observation on the curative effect of family rehabilitation training based on task-oriented training in the treatment of discharged patients with stroke and hemiplegia [以任务导向性训练为主的家庭康复训练治疗脑卒中 以任务导向性训练为主的家庭康复训练治疗脑卒中偏瘫出院患者的疗效观察]. Chin J Phys Med Rehabil 2012;34(10):774-6.
Guo L 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guo Liyun, Tian Zeli, Wang Luping, Xu Haixia. Influence of task-oriented training combined with muscle strength training on motor function of hemiplegia patients with stroke sequelae. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2013;28(7):642-4. [DOI: 10.3969/ j.issn.1001-1242.2013.07.011]
Guo Z 2015 {published data only}
    1. Guo Zhangang. Effects of muscle strength exercise and balance training on functional recovery of lower limbs in stroke patients with hemiplegia [肌力练习与平衡训练对卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rational Drug Use 2015;8(3A):176-7. [DOI: 1 0 ． 1 5 8 8 7 / j ． c n k i ． 1 3 - 1 3 8 9 / r ． 2 0 1 5 ． 0 7 ． 1 0 9]
Haral 2014 {published data only}
    1. Haral PP, Yardi S, Karajgi A. Effect of sensorimotor integration on balance and gait in chronic stroke patients. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy 2014;8(1):64-9.
Harjpal 2021 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2021/05/033621. Efficacy of bilateral lower limb training over unilateral to re-educate balance and walking in poststroke survivors: a randomized clinical trail. Clinical Trials Registry - India.
    1. Harjpal P, Qureshi M, Kovela R K, Jain M. Efficacy of bilateral lower-limb training over unilateral lower-limb training to reeducate balance and walking in post-stroke survivors: a randomized clinical trial. Cureus 2022;14(10):e30748. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30748] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Hendrey 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hendrey G, Clark RA, Holland AE, Mentiplay BF, Davis C, Windfeld-Lund C, et al. Feasibility of ballistic strength training in subacute stroke: a randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2018;99(12):2430-46. - PubMed
Holmgren 2006 {published data only}
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Hong Cuicui 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hong Cuicui. The effect of optimizing motor skills on the recovery of walking function after stroke. Chinese Rural Health Service Administration 2016;36(1):120-1.
Hong Hye Jin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hong Hui-zhen, Zeng Qui-qiong, Huang Mei-fang, Tang Chang-jiang, Zhan Zhen-peng. Analysis on effects of three-stage rehabilitation training to limb function recovery of stroke patients with hemiplegia. IMHGN 2012;18(24):3648-51.
Hoseinabadi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hoseinabadi MR, Taheri HR, Keavanloo F, Seyedahmadi M, Mohamadinia M, Pejhan A. The effects of physical therapy on exaggerated muscle tonicity, balance and quality of life on hemiparetic patients due to stroke. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2013;63(6):735-8. - PubMed
Hou 2006 {published data only}
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    1. Wang H, Wang T, Chen Q. The dynamic analysis of effects of 3-phase rehabilitation intervention on muscle tone and function in hemiplegia after stroke. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;21(9):807-10.
Hou Zhi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hou Zhi. The impact of three-level rehabilitation training on recovery of limb function and quality of life for hemiplegic patients with stroke [三级康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复及生活质量的影响]. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases 2014;17(4):19-21.
Howe 2005 {published data only}
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Hu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hu YS. Clinical study of standardized tertiary rehabilitation program in promoting upper and lower limbs motor function in stroke patients. National Medical Journal of China 2007;87(33):2358-60. - PubMed
Huang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Huang W-M, Gao Z, Ran C-F, Li Q, Li H-M. Evaluation of early movement intervention for functional recovery of patients with stroke. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(25):3484-5.
Huang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Huang F, Zhu J, Tan M, Sun F, Cheng X. Efficacy observation on Bobath, Brunnstrom, Rood and PNF technique on rehabilitation of cerebral vascular diseases in lag phase [Bobath、Brunnstrom、Rood及PNF技术对脑血管病迟缓期的康复疗效观察*]. Chinese Manipulation & Rehabilitation Medicine 2014;5(4):22-4.
Huang Yangfang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Huang Yangfang. Influence of standardized three-level rehabilitation therapy on motor function of 55 stroke patients with hemiplegia. Frontiers of Medicine 2016;6(14):76-7.
Hui‐Chan 2009 {published data only}
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Indurkar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Indurkar I, Iyer S. To Study the effect of task oriented intervention on walking distance, speed and balance efficiency in post stroke patients. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy 2013;7(4):67-72.
Jandaghi 2021 {published data only}
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Jeon 2018 {published data only}
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    1. Jing ZW, Han QY, Wang Z, Zhang, JW, Zhang ZQ, Han CH, et al. Effect of early occupational therapy on the activities of daily life in stroke patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;10(4):54-6.
Ji Pei 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ji Pei, Li Yaoyang, Guo Hua. Effect of exercise therapy on limb motor dysfunction after stroke [运动疗法对脑卒中后肢体运动功能障碍的效果]. Practical Clinical Medicine 2014;15(4):35-6. [DOI: 10.13764/ j.cnki.lcsy.2014.04.013]
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    1. Khallaf ME, Gabr AM, Fayed EE. Effect of task specific exercises, gait training, and visual biofeedback on equinovarus gait among individuals with stroke: randomized controlled study. Neurology Research International 2014;Nov 24:693048. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kim W-H, Ahn MR, Lee JE, Kim J-E, Cho G-H, Kim MS, et al. The effect of task-related circuit training in old aged stroke. J Korean Geriat Soc 2007;11(3):117-22.
Kim 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kim B, Lee S, Bae Y, Yu J, Kim T. The effect of a task-oriented training on trunk control ability, balance and gait of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2012;24(6):519-22.
Kim 2012a {published data only}
    1. Kim J-H, Park S-G, Lim H-J, Park G-C, Kim M-H, Lee B-H. Effects of the combination of rhythmic auditory stimulation and task-oriented training on functional recovery of subacute stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2012;24:1307-13.
Kim 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kim K, Lee B, Lee W. Effect of gross motor group exercise on functional status in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2014;26(7):977-80. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Kim SM, Han EY, Kim BR, Hyun CW. Clinical application of circuit training for subacute stroke patients: a preliminary study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28:169-74. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.169] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kim K, Jung SI, Lee DK. Effects of task-oriented circuit training on balance and gait ability in subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2017;29(6):989-92. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kim J-C, Lim H-C. The effects of coordinative locomotor training o ncoordination and gait in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2018;14(6):1010-6. [DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836386.193] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kim K, Jang S. The effects of a combined cognitive sensory motor traiing with bobath approach motor program on sensory function, lower extremity muscle power, balance ability, walking ability. muscle tone, stiffness and elasticity in stroke patients. Korean Trial Registry 2016;KCT0006579.
    1. Kim K-H, Jang S-H. Effects of task-specific training after cognitive sensorimotor exercise on proprioception, spasticity, and gait speed in stroke patients: a randomized controlled study. Medicina 2021;57:1098. [DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101098] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Kunkel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kunkel D, Pickering RM, Burnett M, Littlewood J, Burridge JH, Ashburn A, on behalf of the Stroke Association Rehabilitation Research Centre. Functional electrical stimulation with exercises for standing balance and weight transfer in acute stroke patients: a feasibility randomized controlled trial. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2013;16:168-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00488.x] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Askim T, Langhammer B, Ihle-Hansen H, Gunnes M, Lydersen S, Indredavik B. Efficacy and safety of individualized coaching after stroke: the LAST study (Life after stroke). A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2018;49:426-32. [DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018827] - DOI - PubMed
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Lee 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee YH, Park SH, Yoon ES, Lee CD, Wee SO, Fernhall B, et al. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise on central arterial stiffness and gait velocity in patients with chronic post stroke hemiparesis. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2015;94:687-95. [DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000233] - DOI - PubMed
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Letombe 2010 {published data only}
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Li 1999 {published data only}
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Li 2005 {published data only}
    1. Li HF, Wang JH, Feng JC, Gao F. Application of motor relearning therapy in the early rehabilitation of stroke: a randomized controlled comparison. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2005;9(29):1-3.
Li 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li Q, Zhong C, Li W, Guo C, Gao Y, Yin J. Analysis on basic training on stroke prognosis early enhancement [早期强化步行基本功训练对脑卒中的预后分析]. Progress in Modern Biomedicine 2013;13(27):5306-9.
Li Jingqian 2013 {published data only}
    1. Li Jingqian, Han Yadong, Fang Gang. Curative effect observation of motor relearning programme in curing the hemipleqic patients [运用运动再学习康复治疗脑卒中偏瘫的疗效观察]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Health 2013;25(9):34-5. [DOI: 1 0 ． 3 9 6 9 / j ． i s s n ． 1 6 7 2 － 0 3 6 9 ． 2 0 1 3 ． 0 9 ． 0 1 1]
Lincoln 2003 {unpublished data only}
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Liu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Liu L, Yan H, Chen M, Deng X, Tian C, Wang B. Effect of task orientation combined with muscle strength training on lower limb hemiplegia in patients with stroke sequelae [任务导向结合肌力训练对脑卒中后遗症患者下肢偏瘫的影响]. Journal of Xinjiang Medical University 2014;37(11):1483-6.
Liu Xuan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Liu Xuan, Wang Meling. Observation on the rehabilitation effect of comprehensive rehabilitation therapy for patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases 2016;19(8):79-81.
Liu Yanhua 2020 {published data only}
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Li Weiwei 2015 {published data only}
    1. Li Weiwei, Jin Juan, Zhou Li, Liu Shouguo, Gong Youhui, Zhu Qingfang, Zong Xue, Niu Jinyuan. Effect of task-oriented training on self-care ability of stroke patients in rehabilitation department [任务导向性训练对康复科脑卒中患者自理能力的影响]. Qilu Nursing Journal 2015;21(3):36-7.
Li Xiaojun 2016 {published data only}
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Li Yuanzheng 2014 {published data only}
    1. Li Yuanzheng. To explore the role of Bobath technique in rehabilitation after stroke. Chin J Convalescent Med 2014;23(7):615. [DOI: 10.13517/ j.cnki.ccm.2014.07.027]
Li Yuanzheng 2014a {published data only}
    1. Li Yuanzheng, Cai Ming. Observation on the effect of early motor relearning in stroke balance function training [早期运动再学习在脑卒中平衡功能训练中的疗效观察]. Chin J Convalescent Med 2014;23(0):805-6. [DOI: 10.13517/j.cnki.ccm.2014.09.022] - DOI
Lu 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lu Zhengjuan, Xing Hongyi, Mei Yuanwu. Effect of three-level rehabilitation program application on functional recovery of acute stroke patients [三级康复方案应用对急性脑卒中患者功能恢复的影响]. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation 2004;19(6):324-5.
Lu 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lu Minru, Zhou W, LiuJ, Liang Y. Three stage rehabilitation treatment effect on function change in strok patients with hemiplegia. Chinese Contemporary Medicine 2014;21(16):60-2.
Lu Liangyan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lu Liangyan. Influence of three-level rehabilitation treatment system on motor function recovery in patients with cerebral hemorrhag [三级康复治疗体系对脑出血患者运动功能恢复的影响]. Journal of Changzhi Medical College 2014;28(6):425-7.
Mai Guanghuai 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mai Guanghuai, Cheng Wanchun, Yan Wen. Effects of intensive training on the motor of lower extremity in patients following cerebral apoplexy. Journal of Wannan Medical College 2016;35(3):264-6.
Mansfield 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mansfield A, Aqui A, Centen A, Danells C, DePaul VG, Knorr S, et al. Perturbation training to promote safe independent mobility post-stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2015;15(87):1-10. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0347-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Marigold 2005 {published data only}
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Martins 2020 {published data only}
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Matthew Hall 2013 {published data only}
    1. Matthew Hall, Wang Yang, Chen Qinghua, Li Shunming, Yan Weijuan. Effect of task-oriented method on functional rehabilitation of lower limbs in stroke patients caused by poisoning [任务导向法对中毒引发脑卒中患者下肢功能康复的影响]. Chinese Convalescent Medicine 2013;22(1):6-8.
Ma Xue 2010 {published data only}
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McClellan 2004 {published data only}
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Medina‐Rincón 2019 {published data only}
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Meier 2021 {published and unpublished data}
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Meng 2022 {published data only}
    1. Meng G, Jin A. Clinical study for integrated rehabilitation strategy to improve hemiplegia after cerebral infarction [整合康复策略改善脑梗死后偏瘫功能的临床研究]. Chinese Clinical Trials Register. [ChiCTR1900026225]
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Meng Fanda 2021 {published data only}
    1. Meng Fanda. Research on the effect of routine rehabilitation training on the rehabilitation effect of stroke sequelae patients [常规康复训练对脑卒中后遗症患者康复效果的影响研究]. Heilongjiang Traditional Chinese Medicine 2021;1:119-20.
Meng Qingling 2015 {published data only}
    1. Meng Qingling, Fu Changzhong, Liu Hao, Fan Yunhui, Li Liqun. Effects of early limb task function or strength training on limb function and living ability of patients with cerebral infarction hemiplegia [早期肢体任务功能或力量训练对脑梗死偏瘫患者肢体功能和生活能力的影响]. Chin Journal of Clinical Rational Drug Use 2015;8(11):144-5. [DOI: 10. 15887 /j. cnki. 13-1389 / r. 2015. 33. 080]
Mikolajewska 2017 {published data only}
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Mohaideen 2014 {published data only}
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Moore 2016 {published data only}
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Morreale 2016 {published data only}
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Nindorera 2022 {published data only}
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Pang 2018 {published data only}
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Qin JianJian 2014 {published data only}
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Shuai 2013 {published data only}
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Signal 2014 {published data only}
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Wang 2021 {published and unpublished data}
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Wang Leilei 2020 {published data only}
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Wang Wenwei 2012 {published data only}
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Wan Xueli 2014 {published data only}
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Wu Lotus 2016 {published data only}
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Xu 2003a {published data only}
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Xu 2003b {published data only}
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Xu Yumei 2013 {published data only}
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Yang Jian 2007 {published data only}
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Ye Dayong 2010 {published data only}
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    1. Yelnik AP, Le Breton F, Colle FM, Bonan IV, Hugeron C, Egal V, et al. Rehabilitation of balance after stroke with multisensorial training: a single-blind randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008;22(5):468-76. - PubMed
Yin 2003a {published data only}
    1. Yin H, Tian Y. Early rehabilitation of hemiplegic extremities after stroke and effect observation of therapy with intermediate frequency. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(7):1198.
Yue Chunjiang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yue C, Wu B, Qu J. Acupuncture combined with exercise re-learning rehabilitation technique in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Henan Traditional Chinese Medicine 2014;34(7):1286-7.
Yue Lin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yue Lin, Guo Ganghua, Li Zhe. Effects of balance training on walking ability of stroke patients with hemiplegia [平衡训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响]. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases 2012;15(5):23-5.
Zang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zang Y-H, Li S-J, Tang M et al. Effect of three-stage traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation on neurological and motor function in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Chin J Rehabil Theory Pract 2013;19(8):752-4.
Zhang 1998 {published data only}
    1. Zhang X. Observation of the effects of early rehabilitation intervention for cerebral apoplexy and hemiplegia. Heilongjiang Nursing Journal 1998;4(11):1-2.
Zhang 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zhang T, Li LL, Bi S, Mei YW, Xie RM, Luo ZM, et al. Effects of three-stage rehabilitation treatment on acute cerebrovascular diseases: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004;84(23):1948-54. - PubMed
Zhang Huiyu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Huiyu. Analysis of the effect of goal-oriented functional exercise on rehabilitation of patients with cerebral hemorrhage. Modern Nurse 2021;28(8):20-2.
Zhang Jianhong 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang J, Mo M, Ma M, Feng W. The role of neurorehabilitation in the treatment of cerebral infarction. Jilin Medicine 2013;34(25):5167-8.
Zhang Lifang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, Yi L. Effects of balance function training on lower limbs of stroke patients. China Prac Med 2015;10(8):280-1.
Zhao 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhao F, Ji X. Early stage rehabilitation and nursing care in cerebral apoplexy patients with hemiparalysis. Zhongguo Huli Zazhì 2002;16(4):194-6.
Zhao 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zhao F, Wang L, Tian G, Zhou J, Han J. Early rehabilitation intervention promoting ability of daily living in acute stroke patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(5):851.
Zhao Ailiang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zhao Ailiang. Clinical observation of acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training in the treatment of post-stroke dyskinesia. Journal of New Chinese Medicine 2016;48(6):29-31.
Zhao Haihong 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhao H, Zhang Z. Observation of curative effect of Bobath technique on hemiplegia after acute ischemic stroke. Contemporary Medicine 2013;19(36):89-90.
Zheng 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zheng Y-F. Analyses of rehabilitation therapeutic effect on ischemic stroke patients in anaphase. Chinese and Foreign Medical Research 2014;12(12):17-8.
Zhong Qiue 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhong Q, Tan J, Zeng Y, Huang G, He D, Zeng L. Application of bilateral limb function training in the rehabilitation of stroke patients with hemiplegia. Modern Clinical Nursing 2014;13(11):49.
Zhu 2001 {published data only}
    1. Zhu Y-L, Hu Y-S, Yang P-J. Effects of three months' rehabilitation on motor function in hemiplegics after stroke. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice 2001;7(4):155-6.
Zhu 2004b {published data only}
    1. Zhu GX, Hu YS, Wu Y, Zhu YL, Han X, Sun LM, et al. Effects of standardized three-stage rehabilitation on recovery of neurological function in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004;84(23):1955-8. - PubMed
Zhu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Zhu J, Liao L, Chen S. Influence of rehabilitative nursing intervention on activities of daily living of senile cerebral apoplexy patients. Zhongguo Huli Zazhì 2006;20(4A):890-2.
Zhu 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhu XJ, Wang T, Chen Q, Wang X, Hou H, Wang HX. The effects of standardised rehabilitation treatment on the outcome of activities of daily living in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Chinese Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007;4(6):254-9.
Zhu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Zhu Y, Zhou C, Liu Y, Liu J, Jin J, Zhang S, et al. Effects of modified constraint induced movement therapy on the lower extremities in patients with stroke: a pilot study. Disability and Rehabilitation 2016;38(19):1893-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1107775] - DOI - PubMed
Zhuang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zhuang LX, Xu SF, D'Amado CR, Jia C, He J, Han DX, et al. An effectiveness study comparing acupuncture, physiotherapy, and their combination in poststroke rehabilitation: a multicentered, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2012;18(3):8-14. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ambrosini 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ambrosini E, Peri E, Nava C, Longoni L, Monticone M, Pedrocchi A, et al. A multimodal training with visual biofeedback in subacute stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2020;56(1):24-33. - PubMed
Büyükavcı 2016 {published data only}
    1. Büyükavcı R, Şahin F, Sağ S, Doğu B, Kuran B. The impact of additional trunk balance exercises on balance, functional condition and ambulation in early stroke patients: randomized controlled trial. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2016;62(3):248-56.
Cabanas‐Valdés 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cabanas-Valdés R, Bagur-Calafat C, Girabent-Farrés M, Caballero-Gómez FM, Hernández-Valiño M, Urrútia Cuchí G. The effect of additional core stability exercises on improving dynamic sitting balance and trunk control for subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(10):1024-33. - PubMed
Cabanas‐Valdés 2021 {published data only}
    1. Bouyssou G, Cabanas-Valdés RM. Core-stability exercises improve gait pattern after stroke. A randomized control trial protocol. In: European Stroke Journal. Vol. 4. 2019:269.
    1. Cabanas-Valdés R, Boix-Sala L, Grau-Pellicer M, Guzmán-Bernal JA, Caballero-Gómez FM, Urrútia G. The effectiveness of additional core stability exercises in improving dynamic sitting balance, gait and functional rehabilitation for subacute stroke patients (CORE-Trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18:6615. - PMC - PubMed
Chan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chan BK, Ng SS, Ng GY. A home-based program of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and task-related trunk training improves trunk control in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(1):70-9. - PubMed
ChiCTR2000038142  2020 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR2000038142. The clinical efficacy and neural correlates on acupuncture for lower extremity motor rehabilitation of post ischemic stroke: a three-armed multi-central randomized controlled trial. Chinese Clinical Trials Registry.
Clay 2018 {published data only}
    1. Clay L, Treharne G, Mandic S, Gray A, McDonough S. Walking to better health after stroke: a feasibility randomised-controlled trial. International Journal of Stroke 2018;13:16.
Dean 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dean CM, Shepherd RB, Adams R. The effect of specific balance training in sitting on support and balance through the lower limbs following stroke. In: Proceedings of the 1996 National Physiotherapy Congress. 1996:148-9.
    1. Dean CM, Shepherd RB. Task-related training improves performance of seated reaching tasks after stroke. A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1997;28:722-8. - PubMed
    1. Dean CM. Personal correspondence May 2000.
Dean 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dean CM, Channon EF, Hall JM. Sitting training early after stroke improves sitting ability and quality and carries over to standing up but not to walking: a randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2007;53:97-102. - PubMed
Dubey 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dubey L, Karthikbabu S, Mohan D. Effects of pelvic stability training on movement control, hip muscles strength, walking speed and daily activities after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Neurosciences 2018;25(2):80-9. - PMC - PubMed
Du Yuzhen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dou Yuzhen. Effect of three-grade rehabilitation nursing on the limb function and life quality in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Int J Nurs 2014;33(2):252-4.
Fan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Fan Z-Y, Li B-J, Chen Y, Gao Q. Effects of trunk control training on dynamic sitting balance and trunk function in hemiplegia patients after acute stroke [躯干控制训练对急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者动态坐位平衡和躯干功能影响的随机对照试验]. J Sichuan Univ (Med Sci Edi) 2020;51(6):847-52. [DOI: 10.12182/20201160201] - DOI - PubMed
Giraux 2008 {published data only}
    1. Giraux P. Impact of prolonged physical therapy on gait performance of chronic phase stroke patients (HEMIMARCHE). ClinicalTrials.gov 2008.
Haruyama 2017 {published data only}
    1. Haruyama K, Kawakami M, Otsuka T. Effect of core stability training on trunk function, standing balance, and mobility in stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017;31(3):240-9. - PubMed
Inoue 2022 {published data only}
    1. Inoue S, Otaka Y, Kumagai M, Sugasawa M, Mori N, Kondo K. Effects of balance exercise assist robot training for patients with hemiparetic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2022;19(12):1-15. [DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-00989-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Karthikbabu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Karthikbabu S, Chakrapani M, Ganesan S, Ellajosyula R, Solomon JM. Efficacy of trunk regimes on balance, mobility, physical function, and community reintegration in chronic stroke: a parallel-group randomized trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2018;27(4):1003-11. - PubMed
Karthikbabu 2022 {published data only}
    1. Karthikbabu S, Ganesan S, Ellajosyula R, Solomon JM, Rakshith KC, Chakrapani M. Core stability exercises yield multiple benefits for patients with chronic stroke – randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2022 Apr 1 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001794] - DOI - PubMed
Khallaf 2020 {published data only}
    1. Khallaf ME. Effect of task-specific training on trunk control and balance in patients with subacute stroke. Neurology Research International 2020;5090193:1-8. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/5090193] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kilinç 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kılınç M, Avcu F, Onursal O, Ayvat E, Savcun Demirci C, Aksu Yildirim S. The effects of Bobath-based trunk exercises on trunk control, functional capacity, balance, and gait: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2016;23(1):50-8. - PubMed
Kim 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kim Y, Kim E, Gong W. The effects of trunk stability exercise using PNF on the functional reach test and muscle activities of stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2011;23(5):699-702.
Lee 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lee J-M, Moon H-H, Lee S-K, Lee H-L, Park Y-J. The effects of a community-based walking program on walking ability and fall-related self-efficacy of chronic stroke patients. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2019;15(1):20-5. [DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836502.251] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2020 {published data only}
    1. Lee P-Y, Huang J-C, Tseng H-Y, Yang Y-C, Lin S-I. Effect of trunk exercise on unstable surfaces in persons with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17:9135. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239135] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT04434443. Effects of trunk exercise on trunk control and balance in persons with stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04434443.
Li 2000 {published data only}
    1. Li H, Jia Z, Song L. Early rehabilitation effect on stroke hemiplegia. Chinese Journal of Physical Medicine 1998;20:1-2.
    1. Li H. Long term effect of early rehabilitation on stroke hemiplegic patients. Chinese Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;22(1):15-7.
Liao 2006 {published data only}
    1. Liao L, Luo W, Chen S. The effect of trunk control training on balance and lower limb function in patients with hemiplegia. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;21(7):608.
Liu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Liu YC, Wang RY, Wang YR. Effects of cognitive and motor dual task training on gait performance in individuals with stroke - a pilot study. Physiotherapy 2015;101(Suppl 1):eS896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1732] - DOI
    1. Liu YC, Yang YR, Tsai YA, Wang RY. Cognitive and motor dual task gait training improve dual task gait performance after stroke - a randomized controlled pilot trial. Scientific Reports 2017;7(4070):1-6. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04165-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wang RY. Effects of cognitive and motor dual task training on gait performance in individuals iwht stroke - a pilot study. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 2013:1-5. [ACTRN12616000225415]
Marzouk 2019 {published data only}
    1. Marzouk MH, El-Tamawy MS, Darwish MH, Khalifa HA, Al-Azab IM. Effect of pelvic control exercises on pelvic asymmetry and gait in stroke patients. Medical Journal of Cairo University 2019;87(2):935-9.
    1. PACTR201801002927119. Effect of pelvic control exercises on gait in stroke patients. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry.
Matsumoto 2010 {published data only}
    1. Matsumoto S. The effect of trunk facilitation in post-stroke patients. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), 2010. http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/.
Mudie 2002 {published data only}
    1. Mudie MH, Winzeler-Mercay U, Radwan S, Lee L. Training symmetry of weight distribution after stroke: a randomised controlled pilot study comparing task-related reach, Bobath and feedback training approaches. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:582-92. - PubMed
Poletto 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01694992. Very early rehabilitation in acute ischemic stroke (VERIS-Brazil). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01694992.
    1. Poletto SR, Rebello LC, Valença MJM, Rossato D, Almeida AG, Brondani R, et al. Early mobilization in ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized trial of safety and feasibility in a public hospital in Brazil. Cerebrovascular Diseases Extra 2015;5:31-40. - PMC - PubMed
Pollock 1998 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pollock AS, Durward BR, Rowe PJ, Paul JP. The effect of independent practice of motor tasks by stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:473-80. - PubMed
    1. Pollock AS. An Investigation into Independent Practice as an Addition to Physiotherapy Intervention for Patients with Recently Acquired Stroke [Dissertation]. Edinburgh: Queen Margaret College, 1998.
Qian 2005 {published data only}
    1. Qian KL, Wang T. Application of flexor reflex therapy in rehabilitation of lower extremity of hemiplegic patients after brain injury. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2005;9(5):24-5.
Richardson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Richardson J, Fleck R, Hladysh G, McBay C, MacKay E, Thorlakson R, et al. Fit for function: a community wellness program for persons with stroke. Stroke 2011;42(11):e596.
Sanchez‐Sanchez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sanchez-Sanchez ML, Igual-Camacho C, Villaplana-Alcazar M, Rubio-Moreno MC, Viosca-Herrero E. Gait recovery after stroke: a physiotherapy protocol based on clinical and functional criteria. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2011;31 Suppl 2:202.
Shahimoridi 2020 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20100129003220N9. Comparison of functional electrical stimulation and functional exercise therapy on treatment of ischemic stroke. Clinical Trial Protocol Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.
    1. Shahimoridi D, Vakilian AR, Moghadam Ahmadi A, Sheikh Fathollahi M. Comparing the effect of functional electrical stimulation and functional exercise therapy on the treatment of ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2020;19(1):23-38.
Sharma 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sharma V, Kaur J. Effect of core strengthening with pelvic proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on trunk, balance, gait, and function in chronic stroke. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2017;13(2):200-5. [DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734892.446] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sivertsen 2022 {published data only}
    1. NCT04069767. Innovative physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04069767.
    1. Normann B, Arntzen EC, Sivertsen M. Comprehensive core stability intervention and coordination of care in acute andsubacute stroke rehabilitation—a pilot study. European Journal of Physiotherapy 2019;21(4):187-96. [DOI: 10.1080/21679169.2018.1508497] - DOI
    1. Sivertsen M, Arntzen EC, Alstadhaug KB, Normann B. Effect of innovative vs. usual care physical therapy in subacute rehabilitation after stroke. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 2022;3:987601. [DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.987601] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sun 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sun X, Gao Q, Dou H-L, Tang S-J. Which is better in the rehabilitation of stroke patients, core stability exercises or conventional exercises? Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2016;28:1131-3. - PMC - PubMed
SWEAT2 2020 {published data only}
    1. Criekinge TV, Hallemans A, Herssens N, Lafosse C, Claes D, De Hertogh WD, et al. SWEAT2 Study: Effectiveness of trunk training on gait and trunk kinematics after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2020;100(9):1568-81. - PubMed
    1. Criekinge TV, Saeys W, Hallemans A, Vereeck L, Hertogh WD, Van de Walle P, et al. Effectiveness of additional trunk exerciseson gait performance: study protocol for arandomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(249):1-12. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02708888. Stroke Walking Explained After Trunk Training (SWEAT²). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02708888.
Verheyden 2006 {published data only}
    1. Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, De Weerdt W. Additional exercises improve trunk performance after stroke: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. In: UK Stroke Forum Conference. 2007:31. - PubMed
    1. Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Nieuwboer A, De Weerdt W. Trunk rehabilitation after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006;20(1):118-9. - PubMed
    1. Verheyden G, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Troch M, Lafosse C, Saeys W, et al. Additional exercises improve trunk performance after stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009;23(3):281-6. - PubMed
Wang 2005a {published data only}
    1. Wang W. Effect of systematic rehabilitative training on motor function and activity of daily life in post stroke hemiplegic patients. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;9(21):14-5.
Wang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wang W, Ru X, Dai H, Wu S, Jiang B. A new model of rehabilitation study at community level for stroke survivors in five urban populations in China. Neuroepidemiology 2012;39(3-4):191.
Wei 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wei G, Song L, Huang M, et al. Effects of selective trunk activities training on the recovery of hemiplegic patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 1998;13(3):108-10.
    1. Wei G, Song L, Huang M. Effects of selective trunk activities training on the recovery of hemiplegic patients (Abstract PO-RR-392-27). In: Proceedings of the World Confederation of Physical Therapy; 1999 May 23-28. Yokohama, Japan: Science Council of Japan and the Japanese Physical Therapy Association, 1999.
Wellmon 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wellmon R, Newton RA. An examination of changes in gait and standing symmetry associated with the practice of a weight shifting task. Neurology Report 1997;21(2):52-3.
Wright 2021 {published data only}
    1. NCT03104127. Effect of a community-based, bionic leg rehabilitation program on biomechanical, cardiovascular and performance outcomes in patients with chronic stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03104127.
    1. Wright A, Stone K, Lambrick D, Fryer S, Stoner L, Tasker E, et al. A community-based, bionic leg rehabilitation program for patients with chronic stroke: clinical trial protocol. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2018;27(2):372-80. - PubMed
    1. Wright A, Stone K, Martinelli L, Fryer S, Smith G, Lambrick D, et al. Effect of combined home-based,overground robotic-assisted gait training and usual physiotherapy on clinical functional outcomes in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2021;35(6):882-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215520984133] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yau 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yau WWM, Wong WL. The feasibility and efficacy of an augmented exercise program for acute stroke patients. International Journal of Stroke 2010;5:346-7.
Yen 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT03292211. The effect of early mobilization in mild to moderate hemorrhagic stroke. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03292211.
    1. Yen H-C, Jeng J-S, Chen W-S, Pan G-S, Chuang W-Y, Lee Y-Y, Teng T. Early mobilization of mild-moderate intracerebral hemorrhage patients in a stroke center: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2020;34(1):72-81. - PubMed
    1. Yen H-C, Jeng J-S, Cheng C-H, Pan G-S, Chen W-S. Effects of early mobilization on short-term blood pressure variability in acute intracerebral hemorrhage patients: a protocol for randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Medicine 2021;100(21):1-6. - PMC - PubMed
Yoo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yoo SD, Jeong YS, Kim DH, Lee M-A, Noh SG, Shin YW, et al. The efficacy of core strengthening on the trunk balance in patients with substroke. J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2010;34:677-82.
Zhang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhang J, Wu S, Huang Y, Long Y, Chen T, Feng L, et al. The effects of standardized three stages rehabilitation program in promoting active function in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;Suppl 46:111 (Abst PP002-060).
Zhao Dianwei 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhao D. The effect of ankle dorsiflexion and pelvic control on walking function in stroke patients influences. Chin J Mod Drug Appl 2014;8(12):38-9.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Chang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chang S, Zhang W, Fu A. Application of early nursing intervention on patients with cerebral infarction in training process of language and limb function rehabilitation. Biomedical Research 2017;28(17):7523-5.
Chen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chen Q, Wang H-X, Wang T, Shan C-L. Effects of early rehabilitation on the activities of daily living in hemiplegic patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2004;8(22):4418-9.
Chen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chen XF. Effect of community-based-rehabilitation on activities of daily life and cognitive function in stroke patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2006;10(32):4-6.
Chen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chen Q, Li L. Observation on curative effect of rehabilitation exercise therapy to treat patients with post-stroke hemiplegia and muscles spasm. Zhongguo Huli Zazhì 2010;24(1A):14-6.
Li 2003 {published data only}
    1. Li F. Impact of early rehabilitation nursing on paralyzed limbs in patients with cerebral hemorrhage. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(5):841.
Liu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Liu G, Zhang H. Early rehabilitation and prognosis of post-stroke hemiplegic patients. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu 2003;7(3):506.
Pan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pan M, Zhu W, Cai X, Yi X, Jin Y, Mao X. Rehabilitation nursing intervention for acute stroke can improve patients’ motor ability and cognitive ability. International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Medicine 2020;13(10):7313-21.
Zhang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Jin H, Ma D, Fu Y, Xie Y, Li Z, Zou Y. Efficacy of integrated rehabilitation techniques of traditional Chinese medicine for ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2013;41(5):971-81. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12612001228875 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. ACTRN12612001228875. The effects of a multimodality balance training on physical and psychological function in stroke survivors: a protocol for a single blinded randomized controlled trial. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12612001228875 2012.
ACTRN12622000169741 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. ACTRN12622000169741. Effect of a targeted exercise intervention on independent mobility and motor functioning in post-stroke older people. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12622000169741 2021.
Armed4Stroke 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mulder M, Nikamp C, Nijland R, Wegen E, Prinsen E, Vloothuis J, et al. Can telerehabilitation services combined with caregiver-mediated exercises improve early supported discharge services poststroke? A study protocol for a multicentre, observer-blinded, randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurology 2022;22(29):1-10. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02533-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NTR7664. Armed4Stroke: Allied rehabilitation using caregiver mediated exercises for stroke. Netherlands Trial Register (trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7664) 2018.
ChiCTR2000032705 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. ChiCTR2000032705. The effect of caregiver-mediated exercises in-hospital rehabilitation on limb function of patients with hemiplegia after stroke. chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=53238 2020.
CTRI/2018/10/016163 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. CTRI/2018/10/016163. Impact of task specific training for paretic lower extremity on lower limb motor recovery and functions in early subacute phase following stroke. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=22629 2018.
    1. Jharbade M, Ramachandran S, Shankar V, Solomon JM. Development of a functional training protocol to improve lower limb motor recovery in early sub­acute stroke patients [Opracowanie protokołu treningu funkcjonalnego w celu przyspieszenia powrotu do sprawności ruchowej kończyn dolnych u pacjentów z wczesnym podostrym udarem mózgu]. Fizjoterapia Polska 2022;22(1):234-9. [ISSN: 1642-0136]
    1. Jharbade M, Sivakumar R, Shankar V, Solomon J. Development of an intervention protocol of task specific training for paretic lower extremity in early subacute stroke patients. SIPCON 2019, Journal of Society of Indian Physiotherapists 2019;3:81. [DOI: 10.18231/j.jsip.2019.059] - DOI
CTRI/2022/06/043037 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. CTRI/2022/06/043037. Effectiveness of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization, neurodevelopmental techniques and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on trunk and gait parameters in patients with subacute stroke, a three arm parallel randomized clinical trial. ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=69389 2022.
DRKS00020825 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. DRKS00020825. The effect of coordinative training on balance and walking ability in ataxic people with acute cerebral stroke. drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00020825 2020.
    1. National Ataxia Foundation. Coordinative physiotherapy for patients with ataxia. ataxia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Coordinative-physiotherapy-for-pat....
Ghrouz 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ghrouz A, Marco E, Muñoz-Redondo E, Boza R, Ramirez-Fuentes C, Duarte E. The effect of motor relearning on balance, mobility and performance of activities of daily living among post-stroke patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. European Stroke Journal 2022;7(1):76-84. [DOI: 10.1177/23969873211061027] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Gracies 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Gracies JM, Pradines M, Ghédira M, Loche CM, Mardale V, Hennegrave C, et al. Guided self-rehabilitation contract vs conventional therapy in chronic stroke-induced hemiparesis: NEURORESTORE, a multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2019;19(1):39. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1257-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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IRCT20140304016830N9 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. IRCT20140304016830N9. A randomized controlled trial to comparative study of the effect of singleand dual cognitive task-oriented balance exercises on postural controland functional balance in subjects with chronic stroke. en.irct.ir/trial/29041 2018.
IRCT20201204049596N1 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. IRCT20201204049596N1. The effect of exercise therapy on the balance of patients after the acute phase of stroke through telerehabilitation. en.irct.ir/trial/52810 2020.
Johnson 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Johnson L, Burridge J, Demain S, Ewings S. Comparing the impact of an implicit learning approach with standard care on recovery of mobility following stroke: protocol for a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, Research Protocols 2019;8(11):e14222. [DOI: 10.2196/14222] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. NCT03792126. A pilot cluster randomised controlled trial, of an implicit learning approach (ILA) versus standard care, on recovery of mobility following stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT03792126 2019.
Kei 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. ACTRN12619001182189. The effectiveness of home-based therapy on functional outcome, self-efficacy and anxiety among discharged stroke survivors. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12619001182189 2019. [UTN: U1111-1235-9552]
    1. Pui Kei C, Mohd Nordin NA, Abdul Aziz AF. The effectiveness of home-based therapy on functional outcome, self-efficacy and anxiety among discharged stroke survivors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99(47):e23296. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.000000000002329] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Menezes‐Oliveira 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Menezes-Oliveira E, da Silva Matuti G, Oliveira CB, Freitas SF, Kawaura CM, Lopes JAF, Arida RM. Effects of lower extremity constraint induced movement therapy on gait and balance of chronic hemiparetic patients after stroke: description of a study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2021;22(463):1-12. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05424-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. RBR-467cv6. Effects of lower extremities - constraint induced therapy on gait and balance function in chronic hemipretic post-stroke patients. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-467cv6 2019. [UTN: U1111-1203-5798]
Miller 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Miller KJ, Hunt MA, Pollock CL, Bryant D, Garland SJ. Protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of fast muscle activation and stepping training (FAST) for improving balance and mobility in sub-acute stroke. BMC Neurology 2014;14:1-12. [DOI: 10.1186/s12883-014-0187-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01573585. Effectiveness of fast muscle activation and stepping training (FAST) on balance and mobility post-stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01573585 2012.
    1. Peters S, Ivanova TD, Lakhani B, Boyd LA, Garland SJ. Neuroplasticity of cortical planning for initiating stepping poststroke: a case series. JNPT 2020;44:164-72. [DOI: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000311] - DOI - PubMed
NCT00908479 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Louie DR, Eng JJ. Berg Balance Scale score at admission can predict walking suitable for community ambulation at discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2018;50:37-44. [DOI: 10.2340/16501977-2280] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00908479. The effect of an inpatient home-work exercise program on leg function after stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00908479 2009.
NCT03757026 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT03757026. Balance training post stroke: intense harnessed multidirectional training as compared to reactive and conventional protocols. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03757026 2018.
    1. Osman HE, den Bogert AJ, Reinthal A, Slane S, Espy D. A progressive-individualized midstance gait perturbation protocol for reactive balance assessment in stroke survivors. Journal of Biomechanics 2021;110477:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110477] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT04673838 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT04673838. The effect of lower limb sensory training on functional capacity in hemiparetic individuals. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04673838 2020.
NCT04757467 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT04757467. Comparison of frequency & duration of task practice during constraint-induced movement therapy on lower limb in stroke patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04757467 2021.
NCT04816929 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT04816929. Investigation of effects of bobath method and task-oriented approach on architectural features and activation of trunk muscles and functional performance in stroke patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04816929 2021.
NCT04823546 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT04823546. Comparison of effects of activity base therapy vs strength training on gait performance in chronic stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT04823546 2021.
NCT04908241 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT04908241. Telerehabilitation with aims to improve lower extremity recovery post-stroke (TRAIL-RCT): a randomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04908241 2021.
NCT05033873 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT05033873. Comparison of universal exercise unit therapy with sling exercise therapy on lower limb kinematics in chronic stroke patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05033873 2021.
NCT05158543 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT05158543. Intensity-dependent effects of 'functional activities specific training-table' on physical performance in stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05158543 2021.
NCT05191524 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT05191524. Comparison of constraint induced movement therapy and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on lower limb motor function in stroke patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05191524 2022.
NCT05323916 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT05323916. Motor recovery following the comprehensive intensive rehabilitation program after stroke implementing the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model: a randomized controlled trial protocol. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05323916 2022.
NCT05425082 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT05425082. Comparison of motor relearning and neurodevelopmental therapy on motor performance and quality of life in stroke patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05425082 2022:1-2.
NCT05616858 2022 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT05616858. Study on efficacy and safety of complex exercise program for the stroke patients after discharge. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05616858 2022.
PACTR201611001646207 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. PACTR201611001646207. Effects of combined modified constraint-induced movement therapy upper and lower limb on physical functions and health-related quality of life of hemiparetic stroke survivors. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=1646 2016.
PACTR201712002689193  2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. PACTR201712002689193. Effect of 6 weeks task-oriented circuit training on balance and quality of life of stroke survivors. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=2689 2017.
PACTR201810717634701  2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. PACTR201810717634701. Task-specific training with multi-sensory biofeedback on ambulation, balance, cognition and societal participation in individuals post stroke. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=3590 2018.
PACTR202001617788536 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. PACTR202001617788536. Development and implementation of task-specific self-rehabilitation training (TASSRET) model for community-dwelling stroke survivors: A mixed method study. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=9497 2020:1-7.
PACTR202012569619981  2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. PACTR202012569619981. Augmented-exercise therapy with gait and gait-related functional training in improving functional independence, quality of life and productivity in stroke survivors: a clinical control trial. pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=14531 2020.
RBR‐43x6kh 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}U1111‐1218‐5669
    1. RBR-43x6kh. Effects of contraint induced movement therapy for lower extremities on gait and balance functionality in post-stroke patients [Efeitos da Terapia por Contensão Induzida para membros inferiores na funcionalidade da marcha e equilíbrio em pacientes pós Acidente Vascular CerebralTrial identification]. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-43x6kh 2018.
Richardson 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. NCT02703805. Fit for Function: a community wellness program for persons with stroke. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02703805 2016.
    1. Richardson J, Tang A, Guyatt G, Thabane L, Xie F, Sahlas D, et al. FIT for FUNCTION: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(39):1-15. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2416-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Traxler 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. DRKS00023068. Effects of a specific task oriented training versus its combination with manual therapy on balance and mobility in people post stroke at the chronic stage. drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00023068 2020. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Traxler K, Schinabeck F, Baum E, Klotz E, Seebacher B. Feasibility of a specific task-oriented training versus its combination with manual therapy on balance and mobility in people post stroke at the chronic stage: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2021;7(146):1-14. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

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