MacaqueNet: Advancing comparative behavioural research through large-scale collaboration

Delphine De Moor¹, Macaela Skelton¹; MacaqueNet; Federica Amici^{2

3}, Malgorzata E Arlet⁴, Krishna N Balasubramaniam^{5

6}, Sébastien Ballesta^{7

8}, Andreas Berghänel⁹, Carol M Berman¹⁰, Sofia K Bernstein¹¹, Debottam Bhattacharjee¹², Eliza Bliss-Moreau¹³, Fany Brotcorne¹⁴, Marina Butovskaya¹⁵, Liz A D Campbell¹⁶, Monica Carosi¹⁷, Mayukh Chatterjee^{18

19}, Matthew A Cooper²⁰, Veronica B Cowl²¹, Claudio De la O^{22

23

24}, Arianna De Marco²⁵, Amanda M Dettmer²⁶, Ashni K Dhawale²⁷, Joseph J Erinjery²⁸, Cara L Evans²⁹, Julia Fischer^{30

31

32}, Iván García-Nisa³³, Gwennan Giraud¹⁴, Roy Hammer³⁴, Malene F Hansen^{35

36

37

38}, Anna Holzner^{39

40

41}, Stefano Kaburu⁴², Martina Konečná⁴³, Honnavalli N Kumara⁴⁴, Marine Larrivaz⁴⁵, Jean-Baptiste Leca⁴⁶, Mathieu Legrand⁸, Julia Lehmann⁴⁷, Jin-Hua Li^{48

49}, Anne-Sophie Lezé⁵⁰, Andrew MacIntosh⁵¹, Bonaventura Majolo⁵², Laëtitia Maréchal⁵², Pascal R Marty⁵³, Jorg J M Massen^{12

54}, Risma Illa Maulany⁵⁵, Brenda McCowan⁶, Richard McFarland^{56

57}, Pierre Merieau⁵⁰, Hélène Meunier^{7

8}, Jérôme Micheletta⁵⁸, Partha S Mishra^{44

59}, Shahrul A M Sah⁴¹, Sandra Molesti⁶⁰, Kristen S Morrow⁶¹, Nadine Müller-Klein⁶², Putu Oka Ngakan⁵⁵, Elisabetta Palagi⁶³, Odile Petit⁶⁴, Lena S Pflüger^{34

54}, Eugenia Polizzi di Sorrentino⁶⁵, Roopali Raghaven¹⁹, Gaël Raimbault⁸, Sunita Ram^{19

66}, Ulrich H Reichard⁶⁷, Erin P Riley⁶⁸, Alan V Rincon⁵⁸, Nadine Ruppert⁴¹, Baptiste Sadoughi^{7

69

70

71}, Kumar Santhosh⁴⁴, Gabriele Schino⁶⁵, Lori K Sheeran⁷², Joan B Silk⁷³, Mewa Singh⁷⁴, Anindya Sinha¹⁹, Sebastian Sosa⁴⁰, Mathieu S Stribos¹², Cédric Sueur⁷⁵, Barbara Tiddi⁷⁶, Patrick J Tkaczynski⁷⁷, Florian Trebouet⁷⁸, Anja Widdig^{39

40

79}, Jamie Whitehouse⁵⁶, Lauren J Wooddell⁸⁰, Dong-Po Xia^{48

81}, Lorenzo von Fersen⁸², Christopher Young⁵⁶, Oliver Schülke^{32

70

71}, Julia Ostner^{32

70

71}, Christof Neumann^{30

32}, Julie Duboscq^{71

83}, Lauren J N Brent¹

Affiliations

¹ School of Psychology, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
² Research Group for Human Biology and Primate Cognition, Biology Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
³ Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁴ Faculty of Biology, Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
⁵ Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
⁶ Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
⁷ Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Strasbourg, France.
⁸ Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, France.
⁹ Domestication Lab, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰ Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
¹¹ Division of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas, USA.
¹² Animal Behavior & Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
¹³ Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
¹⁴ Primatology Research Group, Research Unit SPHERES, The University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
¹⁵ Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁶ Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹⁷ Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
¹⁸ Conservation Science and Outreach, North of England Zoological Society, Cheshire, UK.
¹⁹ Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, India.
²⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
²¹ Science Department, North of England Zoological Society, Chester, UK.
²² FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
²³ National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁴ School of Psychology, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁵ Fondazione Ethoikos, Convento dell'Osservanza, Radicondoli, Italy.
²⁶ Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷ Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, India.
²⁸ Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Kannur, India.
²⁹ Department of Anthropology, Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK.
³⁰ Cognitive Ethology Lab, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.
³¹ Department for Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
³² Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany.
³³ Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK.
³⁴ Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
³⁵ Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
³⁶ The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Sorø, Denmark.
³⁷ Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Univeristy of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁸ Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Trade Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
³⁹ Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
⁴⁰ Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁴¹ School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia.
⁴² School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK.
⁴³ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
⁴⁴ Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India.
⁴⁵ Départment d'Anthropologie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Udem, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁷ Whitelands College, Roehampton University, London, UK.
⁴⁸ International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
⁴⁹ School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
⁵⁰ ZooParc de Beauval et Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan, France.
⁵¹ Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
⁵² School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
⁵³ Wildlife Park Goldau, Goldau, Switzerland.
⁵⁴ Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria.
⁵⁵ Forest Conservation Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
⁵⁶ NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
⁵⁷ Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychology, Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
⁵⁹ Srishti Manipal Institute of Arts Design and Technology, Bengaluru, India.
⁶⁰ CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
⁶¹ Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
⁶² Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁶³ Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
⁶⁴ Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
⁶⁵ Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
⁶⁶ Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning Morattandi, Villupuram, India.
⁶⁷ Anthropology Program, School of Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA.
⁶⁸ Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
⁷⁰ Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
⁷¹ Behavioral Ecology Department, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁷² Anthropology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, USA.
⁷³ School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
⁷⁴ Biopsychology Laboratory, Institution of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.
⁷⁵ Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
⁷⁶ Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK.
⁷⁷ Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology & Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
⁷⁸ Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁸¹ School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
⁸² Nuremberg Zoo, Nürnberg, Germany.
⁸³ UMR7206 Eco-Anthropology, CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.

PMID: 39934999
PMCID: PMC11962231
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14223

MacaqueNet: Advancing comparative behavioural research through large-scale collaboration

Delphine De Moor et al. J Anim Ecol. 2025 Apr.

. 2025 Apr;94(4):519-534.

doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.14223. Epub 2025 Feb 11.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Psychology, Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
² Research Group for Human Biology and Primate Cognition, Biology Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
³ Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁴ Faculty of Biology, Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
⁵ Faculty of Science & Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
⁶ Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
⁷ Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Strasbourg, France.
⁸ Centre de Primatologie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Niederhausbergen, France.
⁹ Domestication Lab, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹⁰ Program in Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
¹¹ Division of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas, USA.
¹² Animal Behavior & Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
¹³ Department of Psychology and the California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA.
¹⁴ Primatology Research Group, Research Unit SPHERES, The University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
¹⁵ Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁶ Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹⁷ Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
¹⁸ Conservation Science and Outreach, North of England Zoological Society, Cheshire, UK.
¹⁹ Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, India.
²⁰ Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
²¹ Science Department, North of England Zoological Society, Chester, UK.
²² FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
²³ National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁴ School of Psychology, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁵ Fondazione Ethoikos, Convento dell'Osservanza, Radicondoli, Italy.
²⁶ Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
²⁷ Animal Behaviour and Cognition Programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, India.
²⁸ Department of Zoology, Kannur University, Kannur, India.
²⁹ Department of Anthropology, Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK.
³⁰ Cognitive Ethology Lab, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.
³¹ Department for Primate Cognition, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
³² Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany.
³³ Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK.
³⁴ Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
³⁵ Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
³⁶ The Long-Tailed Macaque Project, Sorø, Denmark.
³⁷ Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Biology, Univeristy of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁸ Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Trade Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
³⁹ Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
⁴⁰ Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁴¹ School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia.
⁴² School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK.
⁴³ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
⁴⁴ Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India.
⁴⁵ Départment d'Anthropologie, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Udem, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁷ Whitelands College, Roehampton University, London, UK.
⁴⁸ International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
⁴⁹ School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China.
⁵⁰ ZooParc de Beauval et Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan, France.
⁵¹ Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
⁵² School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
⁵³ Wildlife Park Goldau, Goldau, Switzerland.
⁵⁴ Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria.
⁵⁵ Forest Conservation Department, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
⁵⁶ NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
⁵⁷ Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychology, Centre for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
⁵⁹ Srishti Manipal Institute of Arts Design and Technology, Bengaluru, India.
⁶⁰ CLLE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
⁶¹ Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
⁶² Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
⁶³ Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
⁶⁴ Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
⁶⁵ Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
⁶⁶ Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning Morattandi, Villupuram, India.
⁶⁷ Anthropology Program, School of Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA.
⁶⁸ Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
⁷⁰ Primate Social Evolution Group, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany.
⁷¹ Behavioral Ecology Department, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁷² Anthropology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, USA.
⁷³ School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
⁷⁴ Biopsychology Laboratory, Institution of Excellence, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.
⁷⁵ Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178), Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
⁷⁶ Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK.
⁷⁷ Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology & Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
⁷⁸ Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁰ Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁸¹ School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
⁸² Nuremberg Zoo, Nürnberg, Germany.
⁸³ UMR7206 Eco-Anthropology, CNRS-MNHN-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.

PMID: 39934999
PMCID: PMC11962231
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14223

Abstract

There is a vast and ever-accumulating amount of behavioural data on individually recognised animals, an incredible resource to shed light on the ecological and evolutionary drivers of variation in animal behaviour. Yet, the full potential of such data lies in comparative research across taxa with distinct life histories and ecologies. Substantial challenges impede systematic comparisons, one of which is the lack of persistent, accessible and standardised databases. Big-team approaches to building standardised databases offer a solution to facilitating reliable cross-species comparisons. By sharing both data and expertise among researchers, these approaches ensure that valuable data, which might otherwise go unused, become easier to discover, repurpose and synthesise. Additionally, such large-scale collaborations promote a culture of sharing within the research community, incentivising researchers to contribute their data by ensuring their interests are considered through clear sharing guidelines. Active communication with the data contributors during the standardisation process also helps avoid misinterpretation of the data, ultimately improving the reliability of comparative databases. Here, we introduce MacaqueNet, a global collaboration of over 100 researchers (https://macaquenet.github.io/) aimed at unlocking the wealth of cross-species data for research on macaque social behaviour. The MacaqueNet database encompasses data from 1981 to the present on 61 populations across 14 species and is the first publicly searchable and standardised database on affiliative and agonistic animal social behaviour. We describe the establishment of MacaqueNet, from the steps we took to start a large-scale collective, to the creation of a cross-species collaborative database and the implementation of data entry and retrieval protocols. We share MacaqueNet's component resources: an R package for data standardisation, website code, the relational database structure, a glossary and data sharing terms of use. With all these components openly accessible, MacaqueNet can act as a fully replicable template for future endeavours establishing large-scale collaborative comparative databases.

Keywords: Macaca; comparative research; data sharing; database; primates; repository; social networks; team science.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Summary of database content at the time of publication. (a) The MacaqueNet database currently contains data for 14 out of 25 recognised macaque species (note that the depicted phylogenetic tree (Arnold, Matthews & Nunn, 2010) does not include relatively newly described species: *Macaca selai*, *Macaca leucogenys* and *Macaca siberu*). (b) Overview of the number of group‐periods (i.e. a given study period for a given group), individuals and sociometric matrices for aggressive and affiliative behaviours for each species. As some individuals have been observed over multiple group‐periods, the number of individuals represents the number of unique individual datapoints but not necessarily the number of unique individuals. The dot plot on the right illustrates grooming network densities (the proportion of dyads that were observed grooming at least once), with each dot representing the density for one grooming sociometric matrix.

**FIGURE 2**
Geographical distribution of research sites in which the data currently present in the MacaqueNet database have been collected. Populations in America and Europe (with the exception of Gibraltar) have been introduced. Living conditions are classified as wild, free‐ranging or captive (see glossary at https://macaquenet.github.io/documentation/ for definitions). Group‐periods represent the total number of study periods for all groups at a given research site.

**FIGURE 3**
Example of the data of one dataset as stored in the MacaqueNet database. Top left: A sociometric matrix documenting pairwise interactions in a given group‐period. For directed matrices, the actors—the individuals who initiate the behaviour—are listed in the rows, while the receivers—the individuals towards whom the behaviour is directed—are listed in the columns. The matrix entries represent either the total number of times (counts, as depicted here) or the total duration (in seconds) for which an individual in the row performed the behaviour towards the individual in the column for a given study period. Depicted here: Counts of dyadic grooming events in a group of Barbary macaques (*Macaca sylvanus*) from La Montagne des Singes in 2017. Top right: A subject table listing all individuals observed in a given group‐period, along with individual attributes: Sex, age and observation effort, here duration of observation (in hours). Bottom left: An illustration of the network representing the data in the sociometric matrix. Each blue circle represents a subject, green lines between circles represent dyadic affiliation strength, here quantified as the dyadic rate of grooming. Bottom right: A picture of Barbary macaques grooming (photo credit: Anthony Poynton).

**FIGURE 4**
Set‐up of the relational MacaqueNet database. All variables are defined in the glossary (available at https://macaquenet.github.io/documentation/). Arrows indicate how each table is linked to at least one other table in the database through unique identifiers (the ‘‐id’ columns in each table). Each entry in the ‘datakey’ table links to a sociometric matrix with all instances of a specific behaviour category for one group period (as depicted in Figure 3 top left). Part of the ‘datakey’ table is only relevant for the data import pipeline. This figure was made using dbdiagram (https://www.dbdiagram.io/).

**FIGURE 5**
Overview of the workflow from primary data submission, over the data checks and standardisation pipeline to data requests. All contributed data contain several sociometric matrices along with corresponding subject data and metadata for at least one group‐period for a specific species.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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MacaqueNet: Advancing comparative behavioural research through large-scale collaboration

Affiliations

MacaqueNet: Advancing comparative behavioural research through large-scale collaboration

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources