Genotype and phenotype spectrum of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease due to mutations in SORD

Abstract

Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) gene cause the most common recessive type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), CMT-SORD. However, the full genotype-phenotype spectrum and progression of the disease remain to be defined. Notably, a multicentre phase 2/3 study to test the efficacy of govorestat (NCT05397665), a new aldose reductase inhibitor, is currently ongoing. Diagnosing CMT-SORD will become imperative when disease-modifying therapies become available. In this cross-sectional multicentre study, we identified 144 patients from 126 families, including 99 males (69%) and 45 females (31%). Patients represented multiple ancestries, including European, Hispanic, Chinese, Near Eastern and Northern African. We confirmed c.757delG (p.Ala253GlnfsTer27) as the most common pathogenic allele, followed by c.458C>A (p.Ala153Asp), while other variants were identified, mostly in single cases. The average sorbitol level in CMT-SORD patients was significantly higher compared to controls and heterozygous carriers, independently from serum storage duration, sex or variant type. Two-thirds of cases were diagnosed with CMT2 while one-third had distal hereditary motor neuropathy. Disease onset was usually in the second decade of life. Although foot dorsiflexion was the most affected muscle group, dorsal and plantar flexion had a similar degree of weakness in most cases (difference of Medical Research Council score ≤ 1). One-fourth of patients used ankle foot orthoses, usually in their 30s, but most patients maintained independent ambulation later in life. Nerve conduction studies were suggestive of a motor predominant axonal neuropathy, with reduced conduction velocities in the intermediate range in a quarter of the cases. Sensory conductions in the upper limbs appeared more frequently affected than in the lower limbs. Foot dorsiflexion and plantar flexion decreased significantly with age. Male sex was significantly associated with the severity of distal lower limb weakness (plantar flexion) and a larger change over time (dorsiflexion). In conclusion, CMT-SORD is a frequent recessive form of axonal, motor predominant CMT, with prominent foot dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involvement. Fasting serum sorbitol is a reliable biomarker of the condition that can be utilized for pathogenicity assessment of identified rare SORD variants.

Keywords: SORD; aldose reductase; hereditary neuropathy; natural history; polyol pathway.

Figure 1

Geographic distribution of recruited patients with CMT-SORD.

Figure 2

SORD variants detected in this study. Linear depiction of the SORD gene and the corresponding sorbitol dehydrogenase monomer domains. The most frequent frameshift mutation is shown in red. Amino acid positions for binding sites were derived from UniProt.

Figure 3

Fasting serum sorbitol level in CMT-SORD. (A) Stability of sorbitol metabolite in serum kept at 4°C or at room temperature for 3 or 8 days. (B) Fasting serum sorbitol level in CMT-SORD patients, SORD mutation carriers and controls according to variant type.

Figure 4

Neurologic findings in patients with CMT-SORD. Number of individuals = 139; disease duration = 15.4 ± 11.3 years since the onset of walking difficulties. FDIO = first dorsal interosseous muscle; LL = lower limbs; MRC = Medical Research Council; UL = upper limbs.