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. 2025 Mar:114:107254.
doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2025.107254. Epub 2025 Feb 8.

Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of flavonol glycosides from Ginkgo biloba: Optimization of efficiency and mechanism

Jiajia Lai  1 , Peng Zhou  1 , Xiangzhou Li  2 , Ying Lu  1 , Yuqing Wang  1 , Han Yuan  1 , Yanhong Yang  1
Affiliations

Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of flavonol glycosides from Ginkgo biloba: Optimization of efficiency and mechanism

Jiajia Lai et al. Ultrason Sonochem. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a technique that can enhance the efficiency of the extraction of bioactive ingredients. In previous work, ginkgo flavonol glycosides (GFG) were extracted using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). To further enhance mass transfer efficiency in this work, ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (UADES) was employed for GFG extraction. The optimal extraction parameters were determined to be the ultrasonic power 320 W, extraction time 63.6 min, and extraction temperature 32.5℃. The extraction yield of GFG reached 5.60 mg/g, surpassing that achieved through DES extraction. Notably, the extraction time was drastically shortened from 11.8 h to 63.6 min. The analysis of changes in micro-morphology, crystalline structure, and cellulose content of the phytoextraction solid residue revealed that the UADES effectively disrupted the crystalline regions of lignocellulose within the cell wall, and the ultrasound enhanced the solubilization of DES to lignocellulose, thus improving the efficiency of the extraction process.

Keywords: Cell wall disruption; Deep eutectic solvents; Flavonol glycosides; Ultrasound-assisted extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Effect of factors (A) Power (B) Extraction time (C) Extraction temperature on the yield of GFG.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
RSM plots for the yield of GFG with the combined effects of (A) Extraction time and Power (B) Temperature and Power (C) Temperature and Extraction time.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
SEM images of Ginkgo leaves (A) DES(B) UADES.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
XRD patterns of three kinds of GBL residues.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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