Randomized Controlled Trial

. 2025 Feb;29(3):1-37.

doi: 10.3310/FTJP6744.

Stepping into day treatment approach versus inpatient treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa: the DAISIES RCT

Başak İnce¹, Matthew D Phillips¹, Bethan Dalton¹, Madeleine Irish^{1

2}, Hannah Webb¹, Daniela Mercado¹, Catherine McCombie³, Zohra Zenasni⁴, James Shearer³, Laura Potts⁴, Gemma Peachey⁵, Katie Au⁵, Nikola Kern⁵, Sam Clark-Stone⁶, Frances Connan⁷, A Louise Johnston⁸, Stanimira Lazarova⁹, Ewa Zadeh⁹, Sophie Tomlin¹⁰, Francesca Battisti¹¹, Konstantinos Ioannidis¹², Ciarán Newell¹³, Tayeem Pathan¹⁴, Jackie Wales¹⁵, Rebecca Cashmore¹⁵, Sandra Marshall¹⁵, Jon Arcelus^{16

17}, Paul Robinson¹⁸, Sarah Byford³, Sabine Landau⁴, Vanessa Lawrence³, Hubertus Himmerich^{1

5}, Janet Treasure^{1

5}, Ulrike Schmidt^{1

5}

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
² The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³ Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴ Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵ South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁶ Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK.
⁷ Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁸ NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK.
⁹ South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
¹⁰ Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
¹¹ Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
¹² Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire, UK.
¹³ Dorset HealthCare University NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK.
¹⁴ Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leatherhead, UK.
¹⁵ Leicestershire Adult Eating Disorders Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Bennion Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
¹⁶ Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
¹⁷ Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁸ Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 39943786
PMCID: PMC12278043
DOI: 10.3310/FTJP6744

Randomized Controlled Trial

Stepping into day treatment approach versus inpatient treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa: the DAISIES RCT

Başak İnce et al. Health Technol Assess. 2025 Feb.

. 2025 Feb;29(3):1-37.

doi: 10.3310/FTJP6744.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
² The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³ Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴ Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵ South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁶ Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK.
⁷ Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁸ NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK.
⁹ South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
¹⁰ Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
¹¹ Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
¹² Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridgeshire, UK.
¹³ Dorset HealthCare University NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK.
¹⁴ Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leatherhead, UK.
¹⁵ Leicestershire Adult Eating Disorders Service, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Bennion Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
¹⁶ Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
¹⁷ Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁸ Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 39943786
PMCID: PMC12278043
DOI: 10.3310/FTJP6744

Abstract

Background: A substantial proportion of anorexia nervosa patients require intensive treatments, commonly inpatient or day-patient treatment. The relative merits of these treatments for adults with anorexia nervosa are unknown. Therefore, a trial investigating the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of inpatient treatment-as-usual versus a stepped-care day-patient approach in adults with anorexia nervosa (DAISIES) was commissioned. This trial terminated prematurely due to poor recruitment, mainly resulting from COVID-19's impact on service provision.

Objective: We describe the rationale, methods and available outcomes of the DAISIES trial. Reasons behind the trial's failure and implications for future research are investigated.

Design: A two-arm multicentre open-label parallel-group non-inferiority randomised controlled trial, evaluating the effectiveness, acceptability and cost-effectiveness of two intensive treatments for adults with severe anorexia nervosa.

Setting: Specialist eating-disorder services in the United Kingdom with inpatient and/or day-patient treatment facilities.

Participants: Adults (age 17 +) with severe anorexia nervosa (body mass index ≤ 16 kg/m²) requiring intensive treatment and (optionally) their carers. Intended sample size: 386.

Interventions: Inpatient treatment-as-usual and a stepped-care day-patient treatment approach (with the option of initial inpatient treatment for medical stabilisation).

Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was body mass index at 12 months post randomisation. Qualitative interviews conducted during the trial included semistructured interviews to investigate patients', families' and clinicians' views on treatments.

Results: During the 16-month recruitment period (November 2020 to March 2022), 53 patients were approached. Of these, 15 were enrolled and randomly allocated to the inpatient treatment-as-usual (n = 7) or day-patient treatment (n = 8) treatment arms. All participants were female with a mean (standard deviation) age of 24.8 (9.1) years and a mean (standard deviation) body mass index of 14.4 (1.6) kg/m². Patients' body mass indexes had increased similarly in both groups at 12 months. Participants perceived the stepped-care day-patient treatment approach to be more acceptable than inpatient treatment-as-usual. Qualitative interviews with patients, carers and clinicians suggested valued (e.g. multidisciplinary provision of care) and disliked (e.g. perceived over-focus on weight gain) aspects of treatment. Investigation of the reasons behind the trial's failure revealed strong treatment preferences among patients as the most common reason for non-participation, alongside the impact of COVID-19 on service provision.

Limitations: The main trial questions could not be answered due to low participant numbers.

Conclusions: No conclusions can be drawn concerning the clinical and cost-effectiveness of inpatient treatment-as-usual or stepped-care day-patient treatment. The day-patient treatment approach was perceived more positively by patients and carers. Service-related (e.g. reduced clinician time for research), patient-related (e.g. treatment preferences) and wider systemic factors (e.g. reduced service capacity and patient throughput nationally during COVID-19) seem to have contributed to the failure of the DAISIES trial.

Future work: Despite the trial's failure, the need to investigate the effectiveness and experience of intensive treatments of adult anorexia nervosa remains. Alternative trial designs incorporating patient preferences and investigating community-based intensive treatment options have potential to improve acceptability and recruitment.

Funding: This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number HTA 17/123/03.

Keywords: ADULT; ANOREXIA NERVOSA; CAREGIVERS; COVID-19; DAY CARE MEDICAL; IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE; INPATIENTS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH.

Plain language summary

International treatment guidelines recommend inpatient and/or day-patient treatment for the treatment of adults with severe anorexia nervosa. However, the relative merits of these two intensive treatment options are unknown. The DAISIES trial was the first large-scale clinical trial designed to compare clinical and cost-effectiveness outcomes of inpatient and day-patient approaches for adults with severe anorexia nervosa. The trial was stopped early after 16 months as only 15 people agreed to take part. This paper summarises the work conducted for the trial, both when the trial was running and after it was closed. To understand why the trial failed, we talked to patients, carers, clinicians and researchers. Given the low number of participants, we could not answer most of the original questions of the trial, yet valuable information was obtained, especially regarding patients’ treatment experiences. While participants in both trial arms had a similar increase in body weight over 12 months, they consistently viewed day-patient as more acceptable than inpatient treatment. When we talked to clinicians, patients and carers they all said that they valued several aspects of intensive treatment (e.g. a team approach) and disliked others (e.g. perceived over-focus on eating and weight gain). Ultimately, three groups of factors (related to patient preferences, service pressures and system-wide issues) contributed to the failure of the trial, all within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Alternative study designs may improve patients’ willingness to take part in studies aiming to demonstrate clinical and cost-effectiveness of intensive treatments for severe anorexia nervosa (e.g. by incorporating patient preferences or by studying more community-based intensive treatment options, such as home treatment or intensive outpatient treatments).

PubMed Disclaimer

References

1. Irish M, Dalton B, Potts L, McCombie C, Shearer J, Au K, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a ‘stepping into day treatment’ approach versus inpatient treatment as usual for anorexia nervosa in adult specialist eating disorder services (DAISIES trial): a study protocol of a randomised controlled multi-centre open-label parallel group non-inferiority trial. Trials 2022;23:500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06386-7 - PMC - PubMed
1. Webb H, Dalton B, Irish M, Mercado D, McCombie C, Peachey G, et al. Clinicians’ perspectives on supporting individuals with severe anorexia nervosa in specialist eating disorder intensive treatment settings. J Eat Disord 2022;10:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00528-z - PMC - PubMed
1. Webb H, Dalton B, Irish M, Mercado D, McCombie C, Peachey G, et al. Clinicians’ perspectives on supporting individuals with severe anorexia nervosa in specialist eating disorder intensive treatment settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Eat Disord 2022;10:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00555-4 - PMC - PubMed
1. Phillips M, İnce B, Webb H, Dalton B, McCombie C, Irish M, et al. Autopsy of a failed trial part 1: A qualitative investigation of clinician’s views on and experiences of the implementation of the DAISIES trial in UK-based intensive eating disorder services. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2023;31:489–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2975 - PMC - PubMed
1. İnce B, Phillips MD, Zenasni Z, Shearer J, Dalton B, Irish M, et al. Autopsy of a failed trial part 2: outcomes, challenges, and lessons learnt from the DAISIES trial. Eur Eat Disord Rev 2023;32:476–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.3058 - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Stepping into day treatment approach versus inpatient treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa: the DAISIES RCT

Affiliations

Stepping into day treatment approach versus inpatient treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa: the DAISIES RCT

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Plain language summary

Similar articles

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Abstract

Plain language summary

Similar articles

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources