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. 2025 Feb 12;14(1):114-130.

doi: 10.1556/2006.2024.00040. Print 2025 Mar 28.

Motives for pornography use and women's sexual wellbeing: Insights from a 42-country study

Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan¹, Hagit Feder¹, Léna Nagy^{2

3}, Mónika Koós⁴, Shane W Kraus⁵, Zsolt Demetrovics^{6

7

8}, Marc N Potenza^{9

10

11}, Rafael Ballester-Arnal¹², Dominik Batthyány¹³, Sophie Bergeron^{14

15}, Joël Billieux^{16

17}, Peer Briken¹⁸, Julius Burkauskas¹⁹, Georgina Cárdenas-López²⁰, Joana Carvalho²¹, Jesús Castro-Calvo²², Lijun Chen²³, Giacomo Ciocca²⁴, Ornella Corazza^{25

26}, Rita I Csako²⁷, David P Fernandez²⁸, Elaine F Fernandez²⁹, Hironobu Fujiwara^{30

31}, Johannes Fuss³², Roman Gabrhelík^{33

34}, Biljana Gjoneska³⁵, Mateusz Gola^{36

37}, Joshua B Grubbs^{38

39}, Hashim T Hashim^{40

41}, Md Saiful Islam^{42

43}, Mustafa Ismail⁴⁰, Martha C Jiménez-Martínez⁴⁴, Tanja Jurin⁴⁵, Ondrej Kalina⁴⁶, Verena Klein⁴⁷, András Költő⁴⁸, Chih-Ting Lee⁴⁹, Sang-Kyu Lee^{50

51}, Karol Lewczuk^{8

52}, Chung-Ying Lin^{53

54}, Christine Lochner⁵⁵, Silvia López-Alvarado⁵⁶, Kateřina Lukavská^{33

57}, Percy Mayta-Tristán⁵⁸, Dan J Miller⁵⁹, Oľga Orosová⁴⁶, Gábor Orosz⁶⁰; Sungkyunkwan University’s research team⁶¹; Fernando P Ponce⁶², Gonzalo R Quintana⁶³, Gabriel C Quintero Garzola^{64

65}, Jano Ramos-Diaz⁶⁶, Kévin Rigaud⁶⁰, Ann Rousseau⁶⁷, Marco De Tubino Scanavino^{68

69}, Marion K Schulmeyer⁷⁰, Pratap Sharan⁷¹, Mami Shibata³⁰, Sheikh Shoib^{72

73}, Vera Sigre-Leirós¹⁶, Luke Sniewski⁷⁴, Ognen Spasovski⁷⁵, Vesta Steibliene¹⁹, Dan J Stein⁷⁶, Julian Strizek⁷⁷, Aleksandar Štulhofer⁷⁸, Berk C Ünsal^{7

79}, Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel^{15

80}, Marie Claire Van Hout⁸¹, Beáta Bőthe^{14

15}

Affiliations

Affiliations

¹ 1School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
² 2Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
³ 3Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁴ 4Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro-and Behavioral Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
⁵ 5Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
⁶ 8Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
⁷ 6Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸ 7Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
⁹ 9Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹⁰ 10Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA.
¹¹ 11Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹² 12Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, University Jaume I of Castellón, Spain.
¹³ 13Institute for Behavioural Addictions, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria.
¹⁴ 14Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
¹⁵ 79Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse/Chercheure régulière, Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Canada.
¹⁶ 15Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁷ 16Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁸ 17Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry; University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf;Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁹ 18Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
²⁰ 19Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
²¹ 20William James Center for Research, Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
²² 21Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain.
²³ 22Department of Psychology, College of Humanity and Social Science, Fuzhou University, China.
²⁴ 23Section of Sexual Psychopathology, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
²⁵ 24Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
²⁶ 25Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy.
²⁷ 26Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
²⁸ 27Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom.
²⁹ 28HELP University, Malaysia.
³⁰ 29Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
³¹ 30Decentralized Big Data Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan.
³² 31Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
³³ 32Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Addictology, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁴ 33General University Hospital in Prague, Department of Addictology, Czech Republic.
³⁵ 34Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia.
³⁶ 35Institute of Psychlogy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
³⁷ 36Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, USA.
³⁸ 37Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
³⁹ 38Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
⁴⁰ 39University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Iraq.
⁴¹ 40University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, College of Medicine, Karbala, Iraq.
⁴² 41Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
⁴³ 42Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
⁴⁴ 43Universidad Pedagógca y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia.
⁴⁵ 44Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
⁴⁶ 45Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.
⁴⁷ 46School of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
⁴⁸ 47Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Ireland.
⁴⁹ 48Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵⁰ 49Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea.
⁵¹ 50Chuncheon Addiction Management Center, South Korea.
⁵² 51Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
⁵³ 52Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵⁴ 53Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵⁵ 54SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
⁵⁶ 55Faculty of Psychology, University of Cuenca, Ecuador.
⁵⁷ 56Charles University, Faculty of Education, Department of Psychology, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁸ 57Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
⁵⁹ 58College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
⁶⁰ 59Artois University, France.
⁶¹ 60Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea.
⁶² 61Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile.
⁶³ 62Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile.
⁶⁴ 63Florida State University, Republic of Panama.
⁶⁵ 64Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), SENACYT, Panama.
⁶⁶ 65Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú.
⁶⁷ 66Leuven School For Mass Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶⁸ 67Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph's Health Care London. London, ON, Canada. Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁹ 68Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Excessive Sexual Drive and Prevention of Negative Outcomes associated to Sexual Behavior Outpatient Unit (AISEP), Brazil.
⁷⁰ 69Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
⁷¹ 70Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi -110029, India.
⁷² 71Department of Psychology, Shardha University, India.
⁷³ 72Department of Health Services, Srinagar, 190001 India.
⁷⁴ 73Compassionate Inquiry, Canada.
⁷⁵ 74Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
⁷⁶ 75SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town.
⁷⁷ 76Austrian Public Health Institute, Austria.
⁷⁸ 77Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
⁷⁹ 78Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸⁰ 80Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada.
⁸¹ 81Office of the Vice President for Research, Innovation and Impact, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland.

PMID: 39945771
PMCID: PMC11974412
DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00040

Motives for pornography use and women's sexual wellbeing: Insights from a 42-country study

Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan et al. J Behav Addict. 2025.

. 2025 Feb 12;14(1):114-130.

doi: 10.1556/2006.2024.00040. Print 2025 Mar 28.

Authors

Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan¹, Hagit Feder¹, Léna Nagy^{2

3}, Mónika Koós⁴, Shane W Kraus⁵, Zsolt Demetrovics^{6

7

8}, Marc N Potenza^{9

10

11}, Rafael Ballester-Arnal¹², Dominik Batthyány¹³, Sophie Bergeron^{14

15}, Joël Billieux^{16

17}, Peer Briken¹⁸, Julius Burkauskas¹⁹, Georgina Cárdenas-López²⁰, Joana Carvalho²¹, Jesús Castro-Calvo²², Lijun Chen²³, Giacomo Ciocca²⁴, Ornella Corazza^{25

26}, Rita I Csako²⁷, David P Fernandez²⁸, Elaine F Fernandez²⁹, Hironobu Fujiwara^{30

31}, Johannes Fuss³², Roman Gabrhelík^{33

34}, Biljana Gjoneska³⁵, Mateusz Gola^{36

37}, Joshua B Grubbs^{38

39}, Hashim T Hashim^{40

41}, Md Saiful Islam^{42

43}, Mustafa Ismail⁴⁰, Martha C Jiménez-Martínez⁴⁴, Tanja Jurin⁴⁵, Ondrej Kalina⁴⁶, Verena Klein⁴⁷, András Költő⁴⁸, Chih-Ting Lee⁴⁹, Sang-Kyu Lee^{50

51}, Karol Lewczuk^{8

52}, Chung-Ying Lin^{53

54}, Christine Lochner⁵⁵, Silvia López-Alvarado⁵⁶, Kateřina Lukavská^{33

57}, Percy Mayta-Tristán⁵⁸, Dan J Miller⁵⁹, Oľga Orosová⁴⁶, Gábor Orosz⁶⁰; Sungkyunkwan University’s research team⁶¹; Fernando P Ponce⁶², Gonzalo R Quintana⁶³, Gabriel C Quintero Garzola^{64

65}, Jano Ramos-Diaz⁶⁶, Kévin Rigaud⁶⁰, Ann Rousseau⁶⁷, Marco De Tubino Scanavino^{68

69}, Marion K Schulmeyer⁷⁰, Pratap Sharan⁷¹, Mami Shibata³⁰, Sheikh Shoib^{72

73}, Vera Sigre-Leirós¹⁶, Luke Sniewski⁷⁴, Ognen Spasovski⁷⁵, Vesta Steibliene¹⁹, Dan J Stein⁷⁶, Julian Strizek⁷⁷, Aleksandar Štulhofer⁷⁸, Berk C Ünsal^{7

79}, Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel^{15

80}, Marie Claire Van Hout⁸¹, Beáta Bőthe^{14

15}

Affiliations

¹ 1School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
² 2Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
³ 3Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁴ 4Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro-and Behavioral Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
⁵ 5Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
⁶ 8Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
⁷ 6Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸ 7Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
⁹ 9Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹⁰ 10Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA.
¹¹ 11Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
¹² 12Departmento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, University Jaume I of Castellón, Spain.
¹³ 13Institute for Behavioural Addictions, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, Austria.
¹⁴ 14Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
¹⁵ 79Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse/Chercheure régulière, Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les problèmes conjugaux et les agressions sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Canada.
¹⁶ 15Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁷ 16Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁸ 17Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine, and Forensic Psychiatry; University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf;Hamburg, Germany.
¹⁹ 18Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania.
²⁰ 19Virtual Teaching and Cyberpsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.
²¹ 20William James Center for Research, Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
²² 21Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, Spain.
²³ 22Department of Psychology, College of Humanity and Social Science, Fuzhou University, China.
²⁴ 23Section of Sexual Psychopathology, Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
²⁵ 24Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
²⁶ 25Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Italy.
²⁷ 26Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
²⁸ 27Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom.
²⁹ 28HELP University, Malaysia.
³⁰ 29Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
³¹ 30Decentralized Big Data Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan.
³² 31Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Sex Research, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
³³ 32Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Addictology, Prague, Czech Republic.
³⁴ 33General University Hospital in Prague, Department of Addictology, Czech Republic.
³⁵ 34Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia.
³⁶ 35Institute of Psychlogy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland.
³⁷ 36Institute for Neural Computations, University of California San Diego, USA.
³⁸ 37Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
³⁹ 38Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA.
⁴⁰ 39University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Iraq.
⁴¹ 40University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, College of Medicine, Karbala, Iraq.
⁴² 41Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
⁴³ 42Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh.
⁴⁴ 43Universidad Pedagógca y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia.
⁴⁵ 44Department of Psychology, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
⁴⁶ 45Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia.
⁴⁷ 46School of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
⁴⁸ 47Health Promotion Research Centre, University of Galway, Ireland.
⁴⁹ 48Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵⁰ 49Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea.
⁵¹ 50Chuncheon Addiction Management Center, South Korea.
⁵² 51Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
⁵³ 52Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵⁴ 53Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵⁵ 54SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
⁵⁶ 55Faculty of Psychology, University of Cuenca, Ecuador.
⁵⁷ 56Charles University, Faculty of Education, Department of Psychology, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁸ 57Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
⁵⁹ 58College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia.
⁶⁰ 59Artois University, France.
⁶¹ 60Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea.
⁶² 61Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile.
⁶³ 62Departamento de Psicología y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica y Parinacota, Chile.
⁶⁴ 63Florida State University, Republic of Panama.
⁶⁵ 64Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), SENACYT, Panama.
⁶⁶ 65Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Perú.
⁶⁷ 66Leuven School For Mass Communication, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶⁸ 67Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph's Health Care London. London, ON, Canada. Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁹ 68Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Excessive Sexual Drive and Prevention of Negative Outcomes associated to Sexual Behavior Outpatient Unit (AISEP), Brazil.
⁷⁰ 69Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
⁷¹ 70Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi -110029, India.
⁷² 71Department of Psychology, Shardha University, India.
⁷³ 72Department of Health Services, Srinagar, 190001 India.
⁷⁴ 73Compassionate Inquiry, Canada.
⁷⁵ 74Faculty of Philosophy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
⁷⁶ 75SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town.
⁷⁷ 76Austrian Public Health Institute, Austria.
⁷⁸ 77Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
⁷⁹ 78Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸⁰ 80Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada.
⁸¹ 81Office of the Vice President for Research, Innovation and Impact, South East Technological University, Waterford, Ireland.

PMID: 39945771
PMCID: PMC11974412
DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00040

Abstract

Background and aims: Despite a growing body of research on pornography use among women, there is a lack of understanding of the problematic versus non-problematic nature. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between women's motivations for pornography use and sexual wellbeing using a cross-sectional, self-report survey design among participants from 42 countries.

Methods: The total sample included 82,243 participants, of whom 46,874 (57.0%) identified as women and were analyzed. The participants' age averaged at M = 29.67 years, with a standard deviation of SD = 10.11. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their motivations for pornography use, as well as measures of sexual functioning, sexual desire, and sexual satisfaction.

Results: Study results suggest that across cultures, women's motivations for pornography use are associated with their sexual wellbeing. Specifically, when women reported using pornography for their own pleasure or sexual curiosity, it was associated with fewer sexual functioning problems and higher sexual desire. Conversely, when women reported using pornography due to a lack of sexual satisfaction in their relationships, it was associated with more sexual functioning problems.

Discussion and conclusions: These findings highlight the need to consider the multifaceted nature of pornography use among women, including the usage motives, to fully understand associations with sexual wellbeing. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of conducting further research utilizing longitudinal designs, to establish the directionality between pornography use motivations and sexual wellbeing among women.

Keywords: cultural differences; motivations; pornography; sexual wellbeing; women.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest with the content of this manuscript. SWK discloses. SWK discloses that he has received funding from the International Center for Responsible Gaming, MGM Resorts International, Center for the Application of Substance Abuse Technologies, Taylor Francis, Springer Nature, The Nevada Problem Gambling Project, Sports Betting Alliance, and Kindbridge Research Institute. MNP discloses that he has consulted for and advised Game Day Data, Addiction Policy Forum, AXA, Idorsia, BariaTek, and Opiant Therapeutics; been involved in a patent application involving Novartis and Yale; received research support from the Mohegan Sun Casino and the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling; consulted for or advised legal and gambling entities on issues related to impulse control and addictive behaviors; provided clinical care related to impulse-control and addictive behaviors; performed grant reviews; edited journals/journal sections; given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events and other clinical/scientific venues; and generated books or chapters for publishers of mental health texts. The University of Gibraltar receives funding from the Gibraltar Gambling Care Foundation, an independent, not- for-profit charity. ELTE Eoötvoös Loránd University receives funding from Szerencsejáték Ltd. (the gambling operator of the Hungarian government) to maintain a telephone helpline service for problematic gambling. RG is the share-holder of Adiquit Ltd. which is currently developing apps for addictions recovery. MNP and BB are associate editors at the Journal of Behavioral Addictions. Z.D. is the editor-in-chief at the Journal of Behavioral Addictions.

Figures

Fig. 1. — Fig. 1.
The patterns of associations between study measures. Values with a white diamond around them are not significant. Significance was adjusted by the Holm-Bonferroni method

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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