Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM

Oliver A Cornely¹, Rosanne Sprute², Matteo Bassetti³, Sharon C-A Chen⁴, Andreas H Groll⁵, Oliver Kurzai⁶, Cornelia Lass-Flörl⁷, Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner⁸, Riina Rautemaa-Richardson⁹, Gunturu Revathi¹⁰, Maria E Santolaya¹¹, P Lewis White¹², Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo¹³, Maiken C Arendrup¹⁴, John Baddley¹⁵, Aleksandra Barac¹⁶, Ronen Ben-Ami¹⁷, Adrian J Brink¹⁸, Jan H Grothe², Jesus Guinea¹⁹, Ferry Hagen²⁰, Bruno Hochhegger²¹, Martin Hoenigl²², Shahid Husain²³, Kauser Jabeen²⁴, Henrik E Jensen²⁵, Souha S Kanj²⁶, Philipp Koehler², Thomas Lehrnbecher²⁷, Russell E Lewis²⁸, Jacques F Meis²⁹, M Hong Nguyen³⁰, Zoi D Pana³¹, Peter-Michael Rath³², Ilana Reinhold³³, Danila Seidel³³, Takahiro Takazono³⁴, Donald C Vinh³⁵, Sean X Zhang³⁶, Javier Afeltra³⁷, Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi³⁸, Amir Arastehfar³⁹, Sevtap Arikan-Akdagli⁴⁰, Felix Bongomin⁴¹, Fabianne Carlesse⁴², Methee Chayakulkeeree⁴³, Louis Y A Chai⁴⁴, Leili Chamani-Tabriz⁴⁵, Tom Chiller⁴⁶, Anuradha Chowdhary⁴⁷, Cornelius J Clancy⁴⁸, Arnaldo L Colombo⁴⁹, Andrea Cortegiani⁵⁰, Dora E Corzo Leon⁵¹, Lubos Drgona⁵², Anna Dudakova⁵³, Joveria Farooqi²⁴, Sara Gago⁵⁴, Macit Ilkit⁵⁵, Jeffrey D Jenks⁵⁶, Nikolai Klimko⁵⁷, Robert Krause⁵⁸, Anil Kumar⁵⁹, Katrien Lagrou⁶⁰, Michail S Lionakis⁶¹, Badre E Lmimouni⁶², Michael K Mansour³⁹, Joseph Meletiadis⁶³, Sibylle C Mellinghoff², Mervyn Mer⁶⁴, Malgorzata Mikulska⁶⁵, Philippe Montravers⁶⁶, Chin Fen Neoh⁶⁷, Volkan Ozenci⁶⁸, Livio Pagano⁶⁹, Peter Pappas⁷⁰, Thomas F Patterson⁷¹, Pedro Puerta-Alcalde⁷², Laman Rahimli³³, Sebastian Rahn², Emmanuel Roilides⁷³, Coleman Rotstein⁷⁴, Tamara Ruegamer⁵³, Raquel Sabino⁷⁵, Jon Salmanton-García², Ilan S Schwartz⁷⁶, Esther Segal⁷⁷, Neeraj Sidharthan⁷⁸, Tanu Singhal⁷⁹, Janos Sinko⁸⁰, Rajeev Soman⁸¹, Andrej Spec⁸², Joerg Steinmann⁸³, Jannik Stemler², Saad J Taj-Aldeen⁸⁴, Alida Fe Talento⁸⁵, George R Thompson 3rd⁸⁶, Christina Toebben², Hiram Villanueva-Lozano⁸⁷, Retno Wahyuningsih⁸⁸, Barbora Weinbergerová⁸⁹, Nathan Wiederhold⁹⁰, Birgit Willinger⁹¹, Patrick C Y Woo⁹², Li-Ping Zhu⁹³

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: oliver.cornely@uk-koeln.de.
² Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³ Hospital Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁴ Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵ Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁶ National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
⁷ Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁸ Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁹ Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection, and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
¹⁰ Clinical and Diagnostic Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Medical College, East Africa, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Dr Luis Calvo Mackenna, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
¹² Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff University Centre for Trials Research, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
¹³ Center for Biomedical Research in Network in Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
¹⁴ Unit for Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁶ Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹⁸ Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Cape Town, Cape Town South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁹ Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, HM Hospitals, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.
²⁰ Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²¹ Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
²² BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Medical Mycology Research Unit, ECMM Excellence Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
²³ Division of Infectious Diseases, Ajmera Transplant Center, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
²⁴ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
²⁵ Pathology, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Hemostaseology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
²⁹ Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center of Expertise for Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center and Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³⁰ University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³¹ Department of Basic and Clinical Studies, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
³² Institute for Medical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
³³ Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
³⁵ Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Microbiology, OPTILAB, Department of Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
³⁶ Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁷ Parasitology and Mycology Unit, Diagnosis and Treatment Department, JM Ramos Mejia Hospital, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁸ Microbiology Research Laboratory, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁰ Mycology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.
⁴¹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.
⁴² Pediatric Oncology Institute, GRAACC, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴³ Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁴⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Clemenceau Medical Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴⁷ Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
⁴⁸ Infectious Diseases Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁰ Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
⁵¹ Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, ECMM Excellence Center, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
⁵² Department of Oncohematology, National Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁵³ Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁵⁴ Manchester Fungal Infection Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁵⁵ Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Türkiye.
⁵⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Durham County Department of Public Health, Durham, NC, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergology, and Immunology, Northwestern State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov, St Petersburg, Russia.
⁵⁸ BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
⁵⁹ Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India.
⁶⁰ Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, ECMM Excellence Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶¹ Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁶² Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed the fifth, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohamed the fifth, Rabat, Morocco.
⁶³ Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁶⁴ Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁶⁵ Hospital Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
⁶⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, CHU-Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP Nord, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1152, University Paris-Cité, Paris, France; UFR Médecine Paris Cité, University Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
⁶⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶⁸ Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁹ Department of Geriatric Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli-IRCCS, Università del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
⁷⁰ Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁷² Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷³ Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁷⁴ Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁷⁵ Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratório Associado TERRA-Laboratório para o Uso Sustentável da Terra e dos Serviços dos Ecossistemas, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁷⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
⁷⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
⁷⁸ Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India.
⁷⁹ Consultant Paediatrics and Infectious Disease, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India.
⁸⁰ South-Pest Central Hospital-National Institute of Hematology and Infectology, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Jupiter Hospital, Pune, India.
⁸² Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, ECMM Excellence Center, St Louis, MO, USA.
⁸³ Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
⁸⁴ Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq; Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
⁸⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
⁸⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
⁸⁷ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Regional Monterrey, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Monterrey, Mexico.
⁸⁸ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁸⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁹⁰ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁹¹ Department for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁹² Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁹³ Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

PMID: 39956121
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7

Free article

Review

Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM

Oliver A Cornely et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 May.

Free article

. 2025 May;25(5):e280-e293.

doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7. Epub 2025 Feb 13.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Electronic address: oliver.cornely@uk-koeln.de.
² Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³ Hospital Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁴ Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵ Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁶ National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
⁷ Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
⁸ Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁹ Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection, and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
¹⁰ Clinical and Diagnostic Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Medical College, East Africa, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹¹ Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Dr Luis Calvo Mackenna, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
¹² Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff University Centre for Trials Research, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
¹³ Center for Biomedical Research in Network in Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
¹⁴ Unit for Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹⁶ Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹⁸ Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, University of Cape Town, Cape Town South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁹ Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, HM Hospitals, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.
²⁰ Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
²¹ Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
²² BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Medical Mycology Research Unit, ECMM Excellence Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
²³ Division of Infectious Diseases, Ajmera Transplant Center, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
²⁴ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
²⁵ Pathology, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Hemostaseology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
²⁸ Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
²⁹ Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center of Expertise for Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center and Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
³⁰ University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
³¹ Department of Basic and Clinical Studies, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
³² Institute for Medical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
³³ Institute of Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, European Confederation for Medical Mycology (ECMM) Excellence Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
³⁵ Centre of Excellence for Genetic Research in Infection and Immunity, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Microbiology, OPTILAB, Department of Laboratory Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
³⁶ Microbiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³⁷ Parasitology and Mycology Unit, Diagnosis and Treatment Department, JM Ramos Mejia Hospital, Department of Immunology, Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
³⁸ Microbiology Research Laboratory, Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
⁴⁰ Mycology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.
⁴¹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.
⁴² Pediatric Oncology Institute, GRAACC, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴³ Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁴⁴ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
⁴⁵ Clemenceau Medical Center, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
⁴⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁴⁷ Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Pathogens, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
⁴⁸ Infectious Diseases Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Antimicrobial Resistance Institute of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁰ Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical, and Critical Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
⁵¹ Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, ECMM Excellence Center, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
⁵² Department of Oncohematology, National Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
⁵³ Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁵⁴ Manchester Fungal Infection Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁵⁵ Division of Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova, Adana, Türkiye.
⁵⁶ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Durham County Department of Public Health, Durham, NC, USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergology, and Immunology, Northwestern State Medical University named after I I Mechnikov, St Petersburg, Russia.
⁵⁸ BioTechMed, Graz, Austria; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
⁵⁹ Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India.
⁶⁰ Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis, ECMM Excellence Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶¹ Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁶² Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed the fifth, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohamed the fifth, Rabat, Morocco.
⁶³ Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁶⁴ Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁶⁵ Hospital Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS and Department of Health Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
⁶⁶ Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, CHU-Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP Nord, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1152, University Paris-Cité, Paris, France; UFR Médecine Paris Cité, University Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
⁶⁷ Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶⁸ Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁹ Department of Geriatric Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli-IRCCS, Università del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
⁷⁰ Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁷² Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷³ Basic and Translational Research Unit, Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁷⁴ Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁷⁵ Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Laboratório Associado TERRA-Laboratório para o Uso Sustentável da Terra e dos Serviços dos Ecossistemas, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁷⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
⁷⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
⁷⁸ Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India.
⁷⁹ Consultant Paediatrics and Infectious Disease, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India.
⁸⁰ South-Pest Central Hospital-National Institute of Hematology and Infectology, Budapest, Hungary.
⁸¹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Jupiter Hospital, Pune, India.
⁸² Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, ECMM Excellence Center, St Louis, MO, USA.
⁸³ Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
⁸⁴ Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq; Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
⁸⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
⁸⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
⁸⁷ Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Regional Monterrey, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Monterrey, Mexico.
⁸⁸ Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
⁸⁹ Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁹⁰ Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁹¹ Department for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁹² Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
⁹³ Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

PMID: 39956121
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7

Erratum in

Correction to Lancet Infect Dis 2025; published online Feb 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00749-7.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Apr;25(4):e203. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00154-9. Epub 2025 Feb 26. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025. PMID: 40023183 No abstract available.
Correction to Lancet Infect Dis 2025; 25: 280-93.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 May;25(5):e261. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00252-X. Lancet Infect Dis. 2025. PMID: 40280690 No abstract available.

Abstract

Candida species are the predominant cause of fungal infections in patients treated in hospital, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Candidaemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis primarily affect patients who are immunocompromised or critically ill. In contrast, mucocutaneous forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush and vulvovaginal candidiasis, can occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Although mucocutaneous candidiasis is generally not life-threatening, it can cause considerable discomfort, recurrent infections, and complications, particularly in patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes or in those taking immunosuppressive therapies. The rise of difficult-to-treat Candida infections is driven by new host factors and antifungal resistance. Pathogens, such as Candida auris (Candidozyma auris) and fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis, pose serious global health risks. Recent taxonomic revisions have reclassified several Candida spp, potentially causing confusion in clinical practice. Current management guidelines are limited in scope, with poor coverage of emerging pathogens and new treatment options. In this Review, we provide updated recommendations for managing Candida infections, with detailed evidence summaries available in the appendix.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests OAC declares grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Cidara, the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), EU Directorate-General Research and Innovation, F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, and Scynexis; consulting fees from AbbVie, AiCuris, Basilea, Biocon, Cidara, Seqirus, Gilead, GSK, IQVIA, Janssen, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partner, MSGERC, Mundipharma, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pardes, Partner Therapeutics, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, and Seres; honoraria from Abbott, AbbVie, Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals–Hikma, amedes, AstraZeneca, Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Gilead, GSK, Grupo Biotoscana–United Medical–Knight, Ipsen Pharma, Medscape–WebMD, MedUpdate, MSD, Moderna, Mundipharma, Noscendo, Paul-Martini-Stiftung, Pfizer, Sandoz, Seqirus, Shionogi, streamedup!, Touch Independent, and Vitis; payment for expert testimony from Cidara; and board participation from Boston Strategic Partners, Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, PSI, Pulmocide, Shionogi, The Prime Meridian Group, and Vedanta Biosciences. RS declares grants from DZIF and Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; honoraria from Pfizer, Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, and Hikma; travel support from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM), Pfizer, and Page Medical; and has board membership for Young ECMM. MB declares honoraria and board participation from Angelini, Cidara, Gilead, Menarini, MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, and Mundipharma. SC-AC reports an untied educational grant from F2G, and travel support from the Asia Fungal Working Group and the International Society for Human & Animal Mycology (ISHAM). AHG declares a research grant paid to his institution from Gilead Sciences; consulting fees from Basilea, Pfizer, and Mundipharma; and honoraria from Gilead, MSD, Mundipharma, Basilea, and Pfizer. OK declares research grants from the EU, German Research Foundation (DFG), BMBF, and BMG; consulting fees paid to his institution from Mundipharma; honoraria paid to his institution from Gilead, Pfizer, and Fujifilm Wako; receipt of microbiology media for evaluation from Mast Diagnostika; and reports receipt of chemical substances (antifungal drugs) for susceptibility testing. CL-F declares grants paid to her institution from Gilead Sciences and Astellas Pharma; consulting fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme; honoraria from Gilead Sciences, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Pfizer, BioMerieux, F2G, Immy, and Shionogi; travel support from Gilead; and advisory board fees from Mundipharma. LO-Z declares grants paid to his institution from Scynexis, Pulmocide, Pfizer, Basilea, Eurofins Viracor, and T2 Biosystems; honoraria from Pfizer, Gilead, F2G, GSK, Melinta, Eurofins Viracor, and Knight–Biotoscana. RR-R declares support for this work by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre grant (NIHR203308). LPW declares a grant paid to his institution from F2G; consulting fees from Mundipharma, Pfizer, F2G, and Gilead; honoraria from Gilead, Mundipharma, and Pfizer; travel support from Mundipharma and Gilead; board participation from F2G, Mundipharma, Gilead, and Pfizer; and receipt of equipment from Launch Diagnostics for his institution. AA-I declares consulting fees from WHO; payments for educational talks from Gilead, Pfizer, and Mundipharma; travel support from Gilead; and has unpaid roles as President of the Asociación Española de Micología and as a member on the scientific advisory board of the Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance. MCA declares research grants and contract work paid to her institution from Cidara–Mundipharma, F2G–Shionogi, and Scynexis; and speaker honoraria from Gilead and F2G–Shionogi. RB-A declares participation for the MSD advisory board and GSK advisory board. AJB declares grant funding paid to his institution from the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics and the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership. JG declares grants paid to his institution from Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Gilead, Cidara, F2G, Scynexis, and Mundipharma; honoraria from Gilead, Pfizer, MSD, and Mundipharma; and travel support from Gilead and Scynexis. FH declares travel support from ISHAM; has unpaid roles as Treasurer for the Netherlands Society for Medical Mycology, Vice-President of ISHAM, and chair of the Division of Microbial Genomics of the Royal Netherlands Society for Microbiology; reports receipt of reduced price or free diagnostic reagents and kits to run validation tests from CHROMagar, Bruker MDx, Pathonostics, OLM Diagnostics, and Altona Diagnostics. MH declares grants from Astellas, Scynexis, Gilead, IMMY, MSD, Pfizer, Euroimmun, Mundipharma, Melinta, and Pulmocide; and research funding from Gilead Sciences, Astellas, Mundipharma, Euroimmun, MSD, GSK, Basilea, Pulmocide, Scynexis, AiCuris, Melinta, Partner, F2G, Shionogi, Stendahl, and Pfizer. SH declares grants paid to his institution from Merck, Pfizer, Cidara, Avir Pharma, Sunovion, F2G, and Pulmocide; and consulting fees from TFF and Takeda. SSK declares speaker honoraria from Pfizer, MSD, Basilea, Gilead, and Hikma; payments for advisory board member meetings from Menari and MSD; and has roles as President-elect of the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and President of the Lebanese Society for Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. PK declares grants paid to his institution from BMBF, the B-FAST (Bundesweites Forschungsnetz Angewandte Surveillance und Testung), NAPKON (Nationales Pandemie Kohorten Netz, German National Pandemic Cohort Network), NUM (Netzwerk Universitätsmedizin, Network of University Medicine), and the State of North Rine-Westphalia, Germany; consulting fees from Ambu, Gilead Sciences, Munipharma, Noxxon, and Pfizer; honoraria from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Ambu, Astellas Pharma, BioRad Laboratories, Datamed, ECMM, Gilead Sciences, GPR Academy Ruesselsheim, HELIOS Kliniken, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Germany, medupdate, MedMedia, MSD, Pfizer, Scilink Comunicación Científica, streamedup!, University Hospital and LMU Munich, and Vitis; a German patent application (DE 10 2021 113 007.7) has been filed by the University of Cologne (Cologne, Germany), listing PK as one of three inventors; board participation from Ambu, Gilead Sciences, Pfizer Pharma, Mundipharma, and Noxxon; honoraria for reviews and royalties from book authorships from Elsevier; and an unpaid role of Editor for Mycoses (Wiley) and Annals of Medicine (Taylor & Francis online). TL declares consulting fees from Gilead, Merck/MSD, Roche, Recordati, Mundipharma, and Pharming; and honoraria from Merck/MSD, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Mundipharma, Gilead, Sanofi Pasteur, and Recordati. REL declares royalties from UptoDate; consulting fees from Basilea, F2G, and Gilead; and honoraria from Basilea, Gilead, Avir, and Pfizer. MHN declares consulting fees from Basilea; and was one of the authors of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guideline for aspergillosis. DS declares lecture fees from Pfizer and Hikma. TT declares honoraria from Asahikasei Pharma Japan, Pfizer Japan, MSD Japan, and Sumitomo Pharma Japan. DCV declares a grant from the senior clinician and senior scientist research scholar programme of the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé; grants paid to his institution for clinical trial support from Cidara therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Moderna; further grants paid to his institution from the Public Health Agency of Canada (COVID Immunity Task Force: DISCoVER project, UNCoVER project, and VISID project), the Jeffrey Modell Foundation, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, CSL Behring, Merck Canada, Moderna, Novartis Canada, Qu Biologics, and Shire (Takeda); honoraria from CSL Behring; travel support from the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease (AMMI) Canada; has a patent pending (Electronic Filing System ID: 40101099); has unpaid roles as Chair of the AMMI Canada Guidelines Committee, member of the Clinical Immunology Society Education Committee and Continuing Education Committee, patient advocate of the Medical Committees of the Association des patients immunodéficients du Québec and the Canadian Immunodeficiency Patient Organization, patient advocate as medical advisor to the Regroupement Trisomie 21 and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society of Canada; and reports receipt of equipment to his institution from the McGill University Health Centre Foundation and the Montreal General Hospital Foundation. JA declares research grants from Pfizer, Gilead, and Knight; and honoraria from Knight and Gilead. FC declares honoraria from Pfizer, Knight, and Sandoz; travel support from Pfizer and Mundipharma; and board participation from Pfizer and Sandoz. LYAC declares honoraria from Pfizer paid to her institution, and board participation from CIDARA Therapeutics (paid to her institution). ALC declares a grant from Knight–United Medical; honoraria from Mundipharma, Sandoz, and Knight–United Medical; travel support from Mundipharma and Knight–United Medical; and advisory board membership from Mundipharma and Sandoz. ACo declares fees for lectures from Gilead, Pfizer, and Mundipharma; and advisory board fees from Gilead, MSD, Mundipharma, and Pfizer. DECL declares a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council–US National Science Foundation project grant (BB/W002760/1) held by Elizabeth Ballou; honoraria from Gilead; and travel support from a project grant (BB/W002760/1). LD declares payment for lectures from Pfizer. SG declares a grant from the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Dowager Countess Eleanor Peel Trust. RK declares a grant from Pfizer for support of investigator-initiated research; and payments for lectures from Pfizer, Mundipharma, and Gilead. KL declares a grant from TECOmedical paid to her institution; consulting fees from Mundipharma paid to her institution; payments for lectures and presentations from Gilead and Pfizer, paid to herself, and Mundipharma and FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals Europe, paid to her institution; travel support from Gilead, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca; and payment for board participation from Pfizer paid to her institution. MSL declares funding from the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. MKM declares consulting fees from GenMark Diagnostics, NED Biosystems, and Vericel; honoraria from Thermofisher Scientific; payment for expert testimony; a patent for neutrophil therapeutic; and board participation from Karius. JM declares grants from Gilead, Mundipharma, and VIRCELL; and honoraria and travel grants from Gilead, all paid to his institution. SCM declares grants from DZIF and the University of Cologne (Cologne, Germany); consulting fees from Octapharma; honoraria from Pfizer; and board participation from Octapharma. MMi declares a grant from Gilead paid to her institution; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead, Janssen, Mundipharma, and Pfizer; and board participation from Allovir, Moderna, Mundipharma, and Shionogi. PM declares consulting fees and honoraria from Menarin, Pfizer, MSD, Viatris, and Mundipharma. VO declares role and stock options from Volumeer. PP declares grants from F2G, Melinta, Scynexis, and Astellas; and board participation from F2G, Basilea, Scynexis, Melinta, and ISHA Pharmaceuticals. TFP declares grants from Cidara, F2G, and Scynexis paid to his institution; board participation from Gilead, Scynexis, and Basilea; and roles as Treasurer (past) of the Immunocompromised Host Society, Treasurer (past) and IDSA liaison (current) of the Texas Infectious Diseases Society, and member of the board of directors of the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. PP-A declares grants paid to his institution from Instituto de Salud Carlos III and Gilead; honoraria from Gilead, Pfizer, and MSD; and board participation from Gilead. ER declares research grants from Merck, AbbVie, Shionogi, Cidara Therapeutics, Melinta, and Pfizer paid to his institution; payments as scientific advisor and member of the speaker bureau from Gilead, Merck, Shionogi, Mundipharma, and Pfizer, paid to his institution. CR declares grants and research support paid to his institution from Chimerix, Cidara, and Scynexis; consulting fees from Avir Pharma, Merck Canada, and Pfizer Canada; and honoraria from Avir Pharma, Merck Canada, and Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Canada. TR declares speaker fees from Hikma, and lecture fees from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin. RSa declares honoraria from Pfizer. JS-G declares honoraria from Gilead, Menarini, and Pfizer; travel support from AstraZeneca; and board participation from Pfizer. JSi declares honoraria and travel support from Pfizer, MSD, and Gilead. RSo declares honoraria for lectures from Pfizer, MSD, Mylan, Cipla, and Glenmark; and advisory board fees from Pfizer, MSD, Mylan, Cipla, Glenmark, and Hoffmann la Roche. AS declares grants from Astellas and Mayne, and consulting fees from GSK. JStei declares a grant from Pfizer, and honoraria from Pfizer and Gilead. JStem declares grants paid to his institution from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne (Cologne, Germany), Basilea Pharmaceuticals, and Noscendo; consulting fees from Gilead, Micron Research, and Alvea; and honoraria from AbbVie, Gilead, Hikma, and Pfizer. AFT declares grants from the UK–Ireland Fellowship, Gilead Sciences, and Associates of Cape Cod (Fungitell). GRT declares grants and consulting fees from Astellas, Basilea, Cidara, F2G, Mundipharma and Melinta; and board participation from Pfizer. NW declares grants from bioMerieux, Bruker, F2G, Mycovia, Sfunga, and Scynexis; honoraria from the American Society for Microbiology and the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine; travel support from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Page Medical, and the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine; has roles within the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, the American Society for Microbiology, and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; and reports receipt of drugs (drug powder) from Scynexis, Basilea, Cidara, F2G, and Mycovia. BWi declares a grant from Schülke & Mayr paid to her institution; and honoraria from Mundipharma, bioMérieux, BD, CapeCod, and Schülke & Mayr. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM

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Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM

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