Advances in macro-bioactive materials enhancing dentin bonding

Abstract

The long-term stability of dentin bonding is equally crucial for minimally invasive aesthetic restoration. Although the dentin bonding meets clinical standards at the initial stage, its long-term efficacy remains suboptimal owing to the impact of physiological factors. Herein, we present a comprehensive analysis of macro-bioactive materials, including nanomaterials and polymer materials, to improve the longevity of dentin bonding and extend the lifespan of adhesive prosthetics through various mechanisms to achieve sustained and stable dentin bonding effects over an extended period. On the one hand, the macro-bioactive materials directly inhibit the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or impede the acidogenic abilities of cariogenic microorganisms, thereby enhancing the local pH within the oral cavity. On the other hand, they indirectly prevent the activation of MMPs, thereby safeguarding the structural integrity of the resin-dentin bonding interface and efficiently improve its long-term stability. Moreover, these macro-bioactive materials establish cross-links with collagen fibers, promoting bionic remineralization and protecting the exposed collagen fibers within the hybrid layer from degradation. These processes ultimately enhance the mechanical properties of the resin-dentin bonding interface and efficiently improve its long-term stability.

Keywords: Antibacterial properties; Biomimetic remineralization; Collagen cross-linking; Dentin bonding; Matrix metalloproteinases.

Fig. 1

Four approaches by which bioactive materials enhance dentin bonding: inhibit the activity of MMPs; the stability of collagen fibers is enhanced through collagen crosslinking; inhibits cariogenic bacteria and acid production; the stability of collagen fibers is enhanced by biomimetic remineralization. (The figure was created with BioRender.com. Publication License was listed in supplemental file 1.)

Fig. 2

Mineralization process of FACP (indicate: Ca: Calcium ion; P: Phosphorus ion; F: Fluoride ion) (The figure was created with BioRender.com. Publication License was listed in supplemental file 2)

Fig. 3

Basis of the piezoelectric effect. A The orientation of the piezoelectric coefficient. B The mechanism of piezoelectric potential generation within a crystal [51]. Copyright 2022. By the authors Licensee MDPI Basel Switzerland

Fig. 4

Mineralization and antimicrobial mechanism of BT. (The figure was created with BioRender.com. Publication License was listed in supplemental file 3)

Fig. 5

A schematic diagram illustrating the interaction between GQDs and EDC with collagen. a The interaction between GQDs and MMPs is intricately entangled within the collagen fibers. b GQDs interacts with collagen. c The addition of EDC makes GQDs interact with collagen [71]. Copyright 2021. The Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Fig. 6

Col-PDA-assisted mineralization schematic diagram [103]. Copyright 2022. The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0

Fig. 7

Schematic diagram of poly-aspartate mineralization [108]. Copyright 2021. American Chemical Society

Fig. 8

Differentiation of amorphous calcium phosphate intermediates in semipermeable and semipermeable collagen-mineralized membranes [112]. Copyright 2020. Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Fig. 9

PCBAA/ACP nanocomposites with dual anti-biofilm and remineralization functions. a Formation of PCBAA/ACP nanocomposites. b Evaluation of the antimicrobial and remineralization promotion effects of PCBAA/ACP nanocomposites [120]. Copyright 2022. American Chemical Society