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. 2025 Feb 18;15(1):5885.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89937-7.

Compact circularly polarized dual band antenna with modified patch for ISM and V2X communication systems

E D Kanmani Ruby  1 , T Sathiyapriya  2 , P Sundaravadivel  3 , D Rajesh Kumar  1 , Om Prakash Kumar  4 , Shweta Vincent  5 , Pallavi R Mane  4
Affiliations

Compact circularly polarized dual band antenna with modified patch for ISM and V2X communication systems

E D Kanmani Ruby et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel design and development of a compact circularly polarized antenna operating at two distinct frequency bands, 2.5 GHz and 6 GHz. The innovation lies in using a modified circular patch and a uniquely designed feeding element, which optimize circular polarization performance while maintaining a low-profile form factor. Fabricated on an FR4 substrate with an overall thickness of 1.6 mm and dimensions of 62 mm × 62 mm × 1.6 mm, corresponding to approximately 0.5167λ × 0.5167λ × 0.0133λ at 2.5 GHz, the antenna achieves a compact configuration well-suited for space-constrained applications. Extensive simulations and measurements show close agreement, with axial ratios below 3 dB across both operational bands, ensuring effective circular polarization. The antenna achieves peak gains of 1.8 dBi at 2.5 GHz and 3.8 dBi at 6 GHz, highlighting its ability to combine compactness, dual-band functionality, and strong radiation characteristics. This proposed design provides a groundbreaking solution for Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication systems, addressing the increasing demand for efficient, dual-band, and space-saving wireless communication solutions.

Keywords: Circular polarization; Compact; Dual-band; ISM; SDG 11; SDG 9; V2X.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(a) Front view, (b) Back view of the proposed antenna, (c) equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Parametric analysis when altering (a) L-shaped feed length (L3), (b) distance between L and C-shaped feeding structure (L5), (c) Length of the C-shaped feeder (W4), (d) distance between L and C -shaped feeding structure (W8).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(a) Design evolution of the proposed antenna and their (b) reflection coefficient.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Surface current distribution at 2.5 GHz.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Surface current distribution at 6 GHz.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Fabricated prototype of the proposed antenna (a) front view, (b) view and (c) simulated and measured reflection coefficient.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Far-field pattern of the proposed antenna (a) 2.5 GHz, (b) 6 GHz.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
(a) Simulated and measured gain of the proposed antenna, (b) efficiency of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Simulated and measured Axial ratio of the proposed antenna.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Placement analysis of the proposed antenna at 5.85 GHz.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Frequency vs. link budget of the proposed antenna.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Yang, B. et al. Dual-Band Dual-Circularly Polarized Transmitarray Antenna. 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Signal & Power Integrity (EMC + SIPI). IEEE. (2024).
    1. Hu, M. et al. Ultra-thin Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Antenna. IEEE Antennas. Wirel. Propag. Lett.. (2023).
    1. Musa, U. et al. Design and analysis of a Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for WBAN applications. IEEE Access.11, 30996–31009 (2023).
    1. Doan, T. N., Hien, K. K. & Nguyen and Son Xuat Ta. Dual-Band Dual-LP/CP antennas using combined Metasurface and Patch for UHF/2.45-GHz RFID readers. IEEE Access.. (2024).
    1. Ghosh, S. et al. K/Ka-Band Dual Circularly Polarized Shared Aperture Microstrip Array Antenna. 2024 IEEE Space Aerospace Defence Conference (SPACE), IEEE. (2024).

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