Genes Associated With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Reappraisal by the ClinGen Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel

doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.010

. 2025 Feb 25;85(7):727-740.

doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.010.

Genes Associated With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Reappraisal by the ClinGen Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel

Sophie Hespe¹, Amber Waddell², Babken Asatryan³, Emma Owens², Courtney Thaxton², Mhy-Lanie Adduru⁴, Kailyn Anderson⁵, Emily E Brown⁶, Lily Hoffman-Andrews⁷, Elizabeth Jordan⁸, Katherine Josephs⁹, Megan Mayers², Stacey Peters¹⁰, Fergus Stafford¹, Richard D Bagnall¹¹, Lucas Bronicki¹², Bert Callewaert¹³, C Anwar A Chahal¹⁴, Cynthia A James⁶, Olga Jarinova¹⁵, Andrew P Landstrom¹⁶, Elizabeth M McNally¹⁷, Brittney Murray⁶, Laura Muiño-Mosquera¹⁸, Victoria Parikh¹⁹, Chloe Reuter¹⁹, Roddy Walsh²⁰, Bess Wayburn²¹, James S Ware²², Jodie Ingles²³

Affiliations

¹ Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
² Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
³ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁴ Predictiv Care, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁵ Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁶ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁷ Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸ Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁹ National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC Laboratory of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁰ Department of Cardiology and Genomic Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹ Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics at Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹² Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
¹³ Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
¹⁴ Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, WellSpan Health, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁵ Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
¹⁷ Center for Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁸ Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
¹⁹ Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
²⁰ Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
²¹ Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA.
²² National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC Laboratory of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
²³ Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: j.ingles@garvan.org.au.

PMID: 39971408
PMCID: PMC12079304
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.010

Genes Associated With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Reappraisal by the ClinGen Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel

Sophie Hespe et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025.

. 2025 Feb 25;85(7):727-740.

doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.010.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
² Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
³ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁴ Predictiv Care, San Francisco, California, USA.
⁵ Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
⁶ Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁷ Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁸ Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
⁹ National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC Laboratory of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁰ Department of Cardiology and Genomic Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹¹ Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics at Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
¹² Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
¹³ Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
¹⁴ Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, WellSpan Health, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Barts Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
¹⁵ Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
¹⁷ Center for Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
¹⁸ Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
¹⁹ Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
²⁰ Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
²¹ Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, Aliso Viejo, California, USA.
²² National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC Laboratory of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
²³ Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, and UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: j.ingles@garvan.org.au.

PMID: 39971408
PMCID: PMC12079304
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.010

Abstract

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited cardiac condition affecting ∼1 in 500 and exhibits marked genetic heterogeneity. Previously published in 2019, 57 HCM-associated genes were curated providing the first systematic evaluation of gene-disease validity.

Objectives: The authors report work by the Clinical Genome Resource Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease (HCVD) Gene Curation Expert Panel (GCEP) to reappraise the clinical validity of previously curated and new putative HCM genes.

Methods: The Clinical Genome Resource systematic gene curation framework was used to reclassify the gene-disease relationships for HCM and related syndromic entities involving left ventricular hypertrophy. Genes previously curated were included if their classification was not definitive, and if the time since curation was >2 to 3 years. New genes with literature assertions for HCM were included for initial evaluation. Existing genes were curated for new inheritance patterns where evidence existed. Curations were presented on twice monthly calls, with the HCVD GCEP composed of 29 individuals from 21 institutions across 6 countries.

Results: Thirty-one genes were recurated and an additional 5 new potential HCM-associated genes were curated. Among the recurated genes, 17 (55%) genes changed classification: 1 limited and 4 disputed (from no known disease relationship), 9 disputed (from limited), and 3 definitive (from moderate). Among these, 3 (10%) genes had a clinically relevant upgrade, including TNNC1, a 9th sarcomere gene with definitive HCM association. With new evidence, 2 genes were curated for multiple inheritance patterns (TRIM63, disputed for autosomal dominant but moderate for autosomal recessive; ALPK3, strong for autosomal dominant and definitive for recessive). CSRP3 was curated for a semidominant mode of inheritance (definitive). Nine (29%) genes were downgraded to disputed, further discouraging clinical reporting of variants in these genes. Five genes recently reported to cause HCM were curated: RPS6KB1 and RBM20 (limited), KLHL24 and MT-TI (moderate), and FHOD3 (definitive).

Conclusions: We report 29 genes with definitive, strong, or moderate evidence of causation for HCM or isolated left ventricular hypertrophy, including sarcomere, sarcomere-associated, and syndromic conditions.

Keywords: genetic testing; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; sarcomere; variant classification.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Funding Support and Author Disclosures Supported in part by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health through grant U24HG009650. Dr Astrayan has received the 2022 Research Fellowship for aspiring electrophysiologists from the Swiss Heart Rhythm Foundation, and a postdoctoral research fellowship grant from the Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung (Switzerland). Dr Callewaert is a senior clinical investigator of the Research Foundation-Flanders. Dr McNally has received grants from NIH HL128075, HG011169, the Leducq Foundation, and the American Heart Association; has been an advisor to Amgen, Cytokinetics, PepGen, and Tenaya; and is a founder of Ikaika Therapeutics. Dr Ware has received grants from the Medical Research Council (UK), Sir Jules Thorn Charitable Trust [21JTA], British Heart Foundation [RE/18/4/34215], the NIHR Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre, and Bristol Myers Squibb; and has received consulting fees from MyoKardia, Inc, Pfizer, Foresite Labs, Health Lumen, and Tenaya Therapeutics. Dr Ingles has received a National Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship (#106732); and has received grants from Bristol Myers Squibb unrelated to this work. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Figures

**FIGURE 1:. Comparison of original and updated classifications.**
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) gene-disease classifications showing the genetic and experimental evidence point totals and final classification counts from the original curation (left) compared to the re-curation (right). Including 17 changes of classification (bottom right box); 3 upgraded from moderate to definitive, 1 upgraded from no evidence to limited, and 13 downgraded to disputed. There are 7 new curations; 5 new genes and 2 existing genes with new modes of inheritance. The figure key is located in the bottom right box.

**FIGURE 2:. Updated list of genes with moderate, strong or definitive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) association.**
We highlight the genetic architecture of HCM, or genocopies causing left ventricular hypertrophy (innermost circle), spanning numerous gene ontologies (middle circle). Genes classified as definitive or strong evidence are emphasized in bold.

**FIGURE 3:**
Overview of genetic sub-types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and associated genes with moderate, strong or definitive evidence.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

ClinGen Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel: Reappraisal of Genes associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
Hespe S, Waddell A, Asatryan B, Owens E, Thaxton C, Adduru ML, Anderson K, Brown EE, Hoffman-Andrews L, Jordan E, Josephs K, Mayers M, Peters S, Stafford F, Bagnall RD, Bronicki L, Callewaert B, Chahal CAA, James CA, Jarinova O, Landstrom AP, McNally EM, Murray B, Muiño-Mosquera L, Parikh V, Reuter C, Walsh R, Wayburn B, Ware JS, Ingles J. Hespe S, et al. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Jul 31:2024.07.29.24311195. doi: 10.1101/2024.07.29.24311195. medRxiv. 2024. Update in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Feb 25;85(7):727-740. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.12.010. PMID: 39132495 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.

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Choi EY, Chung H, Lee KA. Choi EY, et al. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025 Jul 21;33(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s44348-025-00055-4. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025. PMID: 40691641 Free PMC article. Review.
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[1] Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P, Evanovich LL, Hung J, Joglar JA, Kantor P, Kimmelstiel C, Kittleson M, Link MS, Maron MS, Martinez MW, Miyake CY, Schaff HV, Semsarian C, Sorajja P. 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2020;142:e533–e557. - PubMed

[2] Ommen SR, Mital S, Burke MA, Day SM, Deswal A, Elliott P, Evanovich LL, Hung J, Joglar JA, Kantor P, Kimmelstiel C, Kittleson M, Link MS, Maron MS, Martinez MW, Miyake CY, Schaff HV, Semsarian C, Sorajja P. 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2020;142:e533–e557. - PubMed

[3] Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, Bezzina CR, Biagini E, Blom NA, de Boer RA, De Winter T, Elliott PM, Flather M, Garcia-Pavia P, Haugaa KH, Ingles J, Jurcut RO, Klaassen S, Limongelli G, Loeys B, Mogensen J, Olivotto I, Pantazis A, Sharma S, Van Tintelen JP, Ware JS, Kaski JP, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023;ehad194. - PubMed

[4] Arbelo E, Protonotarios A, Gimeno JR, Arbustini E, Barriales-Villa R, Basso C, Bezzina CR, Biagini E, Blom NA, de Boer RA, De Winter T, Elliott PM, Flather M, Garcia-Pavia P, Haugaa KH, Ingles J, Jurcut RO, Klaassen S, Limongelli G, Loeys B, Mogensen J, Olivotto I, Pantazis A, Sharma S, Van Tintelen JP, Ware JS, Kaski JP, ESC Scientific Document Group. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2023;ehad194. - PubMed

[5] McGurk KA, Zhang X, Theotokis P, Thomson K, Harper A, Buchan RJ, Mazaika E, Ormondroyd E, Wright WT, Macaya D, Pua CJ, Funke B, MacArthur DG, Prasad SK, Cook SA, Allouba M, Aguib Y, Yacoub MH, O’Regan DP, Barton PJR, Watkins H, Bottolo L, Ware JS. The penetrance of rare variants in cardiomyopathy-associated genes: A cross-sectional approach to estimating penetrance for secondary findings. Am J Hum Genet. 2023;110:1482–1495. - PMC - PubMed

[6] McGurk KA, Zhang X, Theotokis P, Thomson K, Harper A, Buchan RJ, Mazaika E, Ormondroyd E, Wright WT, Macaya D, Pua CJ, Funke B, MacArthur DG, Prasad SK, Cook SA, Allouba M, Aguib Y, Yacoub MH, O’Regan DP, Barton PJR, Watkins H, Bottolo L, Ware JS. The penetrance of rare variants in cardiomyopathy-associated genes: A cross-sectional approach to estimating penetrance for secondary findings. Am J Hum Genet. 2023;110:1482–1495. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Wilde AAM, Semsarian C, Márquez MF, Sepehri Shamloo A, Ackerman MJ, Ashley EA, Sternick EB, Barajas-Martinez H, Behr ER, Bezzina CR, Breckpot J, Charron P, Chockalingam P, Crotti L, Gollob MH, Lubitz S, Makita N, Ohno S, Ortiz-Genga M, Sacilotto L, Schulze-Bahr E, Shimizu W, Sotoodehnia N, Tadros R, Ware JS, Winlaw DS, Kaufman ES, Document Reviewers, Aiba T, Bollmann A, Choi J-I, Dalal A, Darrieux F, Giudicessi J, Guerchicoff M, Hong K, Krahn AD, MacIntyre C, Mackall JA, Mont L, Napolitano C, Ochoa JP, Peichl P, Pereira AC, Schwartz PJ, Skinner J, Stellbrink C, Tfelt-Hansen J, Deneke T. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for Cardiac Diseases. Heart Rhythm. 2022;19:e1–e60. - PubMed

[8] Wilde AAM, Semsarian C, Márquez MF, Sepehri Shamloo A, Ackerman MJ, Ashley EA, Sternick EB, Barajas-Martinez H, Behr ER, Bezzina CR, Breckpot J, Charron P, Chockalingam P, Crotti L, Gollob MH, Lubitz S, Makita N, Ohno S, Ortiz-Genga M, Sacilotto L, Schulze-Bahr E, Shimizu W, Sotoodehnia N, Tadros R, Ware JS, Winlaw DS, Kaufman ES, Document Reviewers, Aiba T, Bollmann A, Choi J-I, Dalal A, Darrieux F, Giudicessi J, Guerchicoff M, Hong K, Krahn AD, MacIntyre C, Mackall JA, Mont L, Napolitano C, Ochoa JP, Peichl P, Pereira AC, Schwartz PJ, Skinner J, Stellbrink C, Tfelt-Hansen J, Deneke T. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for Cardiac Diseases. Heart Rhythm. 2022;19:e1–e60. - PubMed

[9] Tuohy CV, Kaul S, Song HK, Nazer B, Heitner SB. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the future of treatment. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:228–240. - PubMed

[10] Tuohy CV, Kaul S, Song HK, Nazer B, Heitner SB. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the future of treatment. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:228–240. - PubMed

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Genes Associated With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Reappraisal by the ClinGen Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel

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Genes Associated With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Reappraisal by the ClinGen Hereditary Cardiovascular Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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