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Review
. 2025 Jan 27:11:e01.
doi: 10.15420/cfr.2024.32. eCollection 2025.

Biomarkers for Congestion in Heart Failure: State-of-the-art and Future Directions

Antonio Luca Maria Parlati  1   2 , Cristina Madaudo  1   3 , Vincenzo Nuzzi  4 , Paolo Manca  4 , Piero Gentile  5 , Daniela Di Lisi  3 , Antonio Jordán-Ríos  6 , Aamir Shamsi  1 , Mattia Manzoni  1 , Matthew Sadler  1 , Cosmo Godino  7 , Egle Corrado  3 , Stefania Paolillo  2 , Giuseppina Novo  3 , Antonino Tuttolomondo  8 , Alfredo Ruggero Galassi  3 , Pasquale Perrone Filardi  2 , Daniel Bromage  1 , Antonio Cannata  1
Affiliations
Review

Biomarkers for Congestion in Heart Failure: State-of-the-art and Future Directions

Antonio Luca Maria Parlati et al. Card Fail Rev. .

Abstract

Congestion in patients with heart failure (HF) predicts adverse outcomes and is a leading cause of hospitalisation. Understanding congestion mechanisms helps in HF management and underscores the importance of tailored therapies to treat vascular and tissue congestion, improving patient outcomes. In this setting, several tools are available to detect congestion. Biomarker measurement is a simple, valid and affordable method to evaluate congestion in patients with HF. Natriuretic peptides are the most widely available tool in acute and chronic HF, helping diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Novel biomarkers can potentially become reliable allies in diagnosing and monitoring patients with HF. This review aims to assess the current scientific literature on biomarkers for managing HF, evaluate their clinical utility and explore future perspectives in this field.

Keywords: Heart failure; congestion; natriuretic peptides; novel biomarkers; troponin.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:. Pathophysiology of Tissue Congestion
Figure 2:
Figure 2:. Signs and Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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