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. 2025 Feb 21;25(1):326.
doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-13730-y.

Incidence trends of early-onset breast cancer by lifestyle risk factors

Jasmiina Rantala  1   2 , Karri Seppä  3 , Johan Eriksson  4   5   6   7   8 , Sirpa Heinävaara  3   9 , Tommi Härkänen  4 , Pekka Jousilahti  4 , Paul Knekt  4 , Satu Männistö  4 , Ossi Rahkonen  9 , Nea Malila  3 , Eetu Mäkinen  3 , Heidi Ryynänen  3 , Maarit Laaksonen  4   10 , Sanna Heikkinen  3 , Janne Pitkäniemi  3   9   11 ; METCA Study Group
Affiliations

Incidence trends of early-onset breast cancer by lifestyle risk factors

Jasmiina Rantala et al. BMC Cancer. .

Abstract

Background: The incidence of early-onset breast cancer (< 50 years) has been increasing over the past decades with the role of modifiable, lifestyle-related risk factors remaining mostly unidentified.

Methods: To investigate the role of key lifestyle factors in the incidence trends of early-onset breast cancer (EOBC), we pooled data from six health studies in Finland in 1972-2015 and combined them with breast cancer data from the Finnish Cancer Registry. The cohort consisted of 56,253 women with 397 EOBCs. The effects of risk factors (hazard ratios) on EOBC and average annual percent change (AAPC) of incidence were estimated using Poisson regression models.

Results: The highest annual increase in age-standardized incidence was observed among women aged 40-49 who were overweight (AAPC 4.0%, 95% CI 0.5-7.7%), currently smoking (AAPC 3.3%, 95% CI 0.1-6.6%) or moderately physically active (AAPC 2.9%, 95% CI 0.3-5.6%).

Conclusions: The increase in early-onset breast cancer incidence was highest among women aged 40-49 who were overweight, currently smoking, or moderately physically active, while no change by risk factors was found in women under 40 years of age. Our findings suggest a different type of cancer process in young adults and highlight the importance of lifestyle risk factors in the incidence of EOBC.

Keywords: Early-onset breast cancer; Incidence trends; Prevention; Risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare (Permit no THL/1588/5.05.00/2019). All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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