. 2025 Feb 21;25(1):71.

doi: 10.1186/s12883-025-04083-x.

Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review

Muhammed Shabil^#^{1

2}, Abhay M Gaidhane^#³, Nasir Vadia⁴, Soumya V Menon⁵, Kattela Chennakesavulu⁶, Rajashree Panigrahi⁷, Ganesh Bushi^{8

9}, Diptismita Jena^{10

11}, Anju Rani¹², Sanjit Sah^{13

14

15}, Mahendra Singh¹⁶, Prakasini Satapathy^{17

18}, Khang Wen Goh^{2

19}, Nosaibah Razaqi^{20

21

22}

Affiliations

¹ University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
² Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia.
³ Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Global Health Academy, School of Epidemiology and Public Health. Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marwadi University Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India.
⁵ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
⁸ Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
⁹ School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.
¹⁰ Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140417, India.
¹¹ Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
¹² Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, India.
¹³ Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India.
¹⁴ Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Korea Universtiy, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁶ Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
¹⁷ Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater, Noida, India.
¹⁸ Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
¹⁹ Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
²⁰ Afghanistan Center for Epidemiological Studies, Herat, Afghanistan. nosaibah.razaqi.94@gmail.com.
²¹ Faculty of Medicine, Ghalib University, Herat, Afghanistan. nosaibah.razaqi.94@gmail.com.
²² Scientific Research Committee, Afghanistan Medical Students Association, Herat, Afghanistan. nosaibah.razaqi.94@gmail.com.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39984906
PMCID: PMC11844011
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-025-04083-x

Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review

Muhammed Shabil et al. BMC Neurol. 2025.

. 2025 Feb 21;25(1):71.

doi: 10.1186/s12883-025-04083-x.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
² Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia.
³ Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Global Health Academy, School of Epidemiology and Public Health. Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India.
⁴ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marwadi University Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360003, India.
⁵ Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁷ Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
⁸ Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India.
⁹ School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India.
¹⁰ Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140417, India.
¹¹ Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
¹² Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, India.
¹³ Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India.
¹⁴ Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-be-University), Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, 411018, India.
¹⁵ Department of Medicine, Korea Universtiy, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁶ Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
¹⁷ Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater, Noida, India.
¹⁸ Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
¹⁹ Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia.
²⁰ Afghanistan Center for Epidemiological Studies, Herat, Afghanistan. nosaibah.razaqi.94@gmail.com.
²¹ Faculty of Medicine, Ghalib University, Herat, Afghanistan. nosaibah.razaqi.94@gmail.com.
²² Scientific Research Committee, Afghanistan Medical Students Association, Herat, Afghanistan. nosaibah.razaqi.94@gmail.com.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 39984906
PMCID: PMC11844011
DOI: 10.1186/s12883-025-04083-x

Abstract

Background: Hydrocarbon exposure, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is increasingly linked to vascular dysfunction and stroke, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Common in occupational and environmental contexts, hydrocarbons induce oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, disrupting vascular health. This systematic review examines the association between hydrocarbon exposure and stroke, emphasizing specific metabolites and their cerebrovascular effects.

Methods: A comprehensive search across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted through December 10 2024, identifying observational studies exploring hydrocarbon exposure and stroke risk. Studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria, excluding those with major methodological flaws, were synthesized narratively. Variations in hydrocarbon types, population demographics, and stroke outcomes were considered.

Results: Six studies, including five cross-sectional and one retrospective cohort, with sample sizes ranging from 5,537 to 283,666 participants, demonstrated significant associations between hydrocarbon exposure and stroke risk. Key findings revealed strong associations for metabolites like 1-hydroxynaphthalene (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.62-2.20) and 2-hydroxyfluorene (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.66-2.26). However, variability in findings was noted, attributed to differences in study design, exposure levels, and populations studied.

Conclusion: This review highlights a complex relationship between hydrocarbon exposure and stroke risk, with some studies indicating significant associations and others reporting inconsistencies. Standardized, large-scale research is essential to clarify this relationship, identify high-risk populations, and guide public health strategies to mitigate exposure and prevent stroke.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Keywords: Environmental health; Hydrocarbon exposure; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Stroke; Volatile organic compounds.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable since this is a review and not involved any human. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Financial support and sponsorship: None. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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PRISMA flowchart depicting article selection and screening process

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References

1. Tanuja K, Bagri K, Thakur R, Deshmukh R, Singh TG. Stroke and its effects in Daily Life. Ischemic Injury: Apple Academic; 2025. pp. 99–121.
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Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review

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Association between hydrocarbon exposure and risk of stroke: a systematic literature review

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