Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Feb 21;24(1):56.
doi: 10.1186/s12936-024-05229-x.

Phase one of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of implementing seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Nampula Province, Mozambique

Kevin Baker #  1   2 , Ivan Alejandro Pulido Tarquino #  3 , Pedro Aide #  4   5 , Craig Bonnington  6 , Christian Rassi  6 , Sol Richardson  6   7 , Chuks Nnaji  6 , Arantxa Roca-Feltrer  8 , Maria Rodrigues  3 , Mercia Sitoe  3 , Sonia Enosse  3 , Caitlin McGugan  9 , Francisco Saute  5 , Gloria Matambisso  5 , Baltazar Candrinho  10
Affiliations

Phase one of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of implementing seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Nampula Province, Mozambique

Kevin Baker et al. Malar J. .

Abstract

Background: Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is a highly effective intervention for malaria prevention in high burden areas with seasonal transmission, historically implemented in the Sahel. Mozambique contributes to 4% of global malaria cases. Malaria Consortium, in partnership with the National Malaria Control Programme, conducted a two-year phased SMC study in Nampula province using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine (AQ), or SPAQ, in children under five. Phase one results presented here highlight acceptability, feasibility, and protective effect of SMC.

Methods: A pragmatic type II hybrid effectiveness-implementation study design was adopted, using mixed methods. The study was conducted in three districts, utilizing: (1) non-randomized controlled trial reporting on malaria incidence; (2) drug resistance molecular marker study reporting on resistance marker changes over time; (3) coverage and quality assessment on the SMC distribution; and (4) a qualitative acceptability and feasibility assessment with stakeholders.

Results: Children who received SMC had 86% (hazard ratio 0.14, 95% CI 0.09-0.24) lower hazards of developing clinical malaria during the peak transmission season compared with children in the comparison district. Prevalence of SP molecular markers associated with resistance was high at baseline (K540E 66.1%). SMC achieved high coverage of eligible children over four cycles (87.7%, 95% CI 83.9-90.8%). Qualitative results indicate SMC was positively accepted by the targeted community.

Conclusions: Results suggest that SMC was effective at preventing clinical malaria, did not significantly impact resistance profile, and was feasible and acceptable in the context. Phase two will assess SMC impact in reducing malaria incidence and if chemoprevention efficacy of SPAQ is impacted by drug resistance and drug concentrations.

Keywords: Seasonal malaria chemoprevention Mozambique children.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mozambique SMC modelling exercise
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
SMC intervention and comparison districts of Nampula Province, Mozambique
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Trial profile
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Kaplan–Meier graph intervention (Malema) and comparison (Lalaua) districts (Model 2)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. WHO. Guidelines for malaria, 14 March 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization, Global Malaria Programme; 2023. Report No.: WHO/UCN/GMP/2023.01, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/366432. Accessed 12 Sep 2023.
    1. WHO. Policy recommendation: seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) for Plasmodium falciparum malaria control in highly seasonal transmission areas of the Sahel sub-region in Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
    1. Amimo F, Lambert B, Magit A, Sacarlal J, Hashizume M, Shibuya K. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Africa: a systematic analysis of national trends. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5:e003217. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Meremikwu MM, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Esu E, Oringanje C. Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in children living in areas with seasonal transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(2):CD003756. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cairns M, Ceesay SJ, Sagara I, Zongo I, Kessely H, Gamougam K, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) treatments when SMC is implemented at scale: Case-control studies in 5 countries. PLoS Med. 2021;18:e1003727. - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources