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Review
. 2025 May:71:101272.
doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2025.101272. Epub 2025 Feb 15.

The landscape of immune monitoring in CAR-T cell therapy: A comprehensive review and survey study by the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party of the EBMT

Simona Pagliuca  1 , Florent Malard  2 , Jarl E Mooyaart  3 , Michael Daskalakis  4 , Ludovic Gabellier  5 , Ibrahim Yakoub-Agha  6 , Ron Ram  7 , Caroline Besley  8 , Edouard Forcade  9 , Vladan Vucinic  10 , Lucía López Corral  11 , Jan Vydra  12 , Bastian von Tresckow  13 , Paula Amat  14 , Persis Amrolia  15 , Peter Vandenberghe  16 , Friedrich Stölzel  17 , Simona Sica  18 , Marie Thérèse Rubio  19 , Jorinde D Hoogenboom  3 , Valentín Ortiz-Maldonado  20 , Arnon Nagler  21 , Jürgen Kuball  22 , Christian Chabannon  23 , Annalisa Ruggeri  24
Affiliations
Free article
Review

The landscape of immune monitoring in CAR-T cell therapy: A comprehensive review and survey study by the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party of the EBMT

Simona Pagliuca et al. Blood Rev. 2025 May.
Free article

Abstract

Immune monitoring of cell therapies is a complex and evolving topic, particularly in the rapid expanding field of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell applications. Defining essential, recommended, and optional immune monitoring data post-CAR-T cell infusion is crucial to improve patient outcomes and inform post-treatment decisions. To address this gap, we conducted a survey-based study across centers affiliated with the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), focusing on patients treated with European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved CAR-T products. Building on a thorough review of the literature, we mapped the current landscape of immune monitoring practices and assessed their impact on clinical management. By defining the state of the art in the field, this work marks an initial step towards a structured harmonization process potentially able to enhance the management and outcomes of patients undergoing these immune cell therapies.

Keywords: B cell aplasia; CAR-T cell expansion; CAR-T cells; CRS; ICANS; Immune monitoring; Immune reconstitution; Lentiviral integration; Transduction.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest SP has received travel expenses or honoraria for participation in advisory boards, symposia or other scientific events by Alexion, Novartis, Jazz Pharmaceutical, OneLamda, Sobi as well as research funding by JANSSEN HORIZON program. FM reports honoraria from BMS, Therakos/Mallinckrodt, Sanofi, JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Novartis, AstraZeneca and MSD, all outside the submitted work. AR declared no conflict of interest. FS has received travel expenses or honoraria for participation in advisory boards, symposia or other scientific events by Janssen, Servier, Jazz, Medac and Astellas. PV has received travel expenses or honoraria for participation in advisory boards or symposia from Becton Dickinson, BMS, Kite/Gilead, JANSSEN oncology, Miltenyi, Novartis. RR repots honoraria from Gilead, Novartis, BMS, Takeda, Msd. LLC reports honoraria from Kite/Gilead, Novartis and MSD. VOM reports travel grants or honoraria from Kite, Novartis, BMS, Miltenyi, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda and Janssen. EF has received travel expenses or honoraria for participation in advisory boards, symposia or other scientific events by Kite Gilead et Novartis. BvT is an advisor or consultant for Allogene, Amgen, BMS/Celgene, Cerus, Gilead Kite, Incyte, IQVIA, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Miltenyi, Novartis, Noscendo, Pentixapharm, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Qualworld, Regeneron, Roche, Sobi and Takeda; has received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS/Celgene, Gilead Kite, Incyte, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche and Takeda; reports research funding from Esteve (Inst), Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst), Novartis (Inst), and Takeda (Inst); and reports travel support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead Kite, Janssen-Cilag, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Takeda, and Novartis. None of these disclosures pertain to the current research.

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