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. 2025 Feb 24;25(1):330.
doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-13741-9.

Global, regional, and national burden of breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer and their risk factors among women from 1990 to 2021, and projections to 2050: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Yingying Li  1   2 , Wenfu Song  3   4 , Ping Gao  1 , Xutao Guan  1   2 , Bing Wang  1 , Liutong Zhang  1   2 , Yaxuan Yao  2 , Yaqiong Guo  1 , Yi Wang  1 , Shiqing Jiang  5 , Shiling Sun  6   7
Affiliations

Global, regional, and national burden of breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer and their risk factors among women from 1990 to 2021, and projections to 2050: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Yingying Li et al. BMC Cancer. .

Abstract

Background: Female breast cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer (FBCUO) pose a significant threat to global public health. Data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provide critical insights that can guide the understanding and management of these cancers. Our study aims to offer comprehensive global, regional, and national estimates of the FBCUO cancer burden and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021, as well as project future incidence trends up to 2050. These projections are essential for developing targeted prevention and control strategies, thereby informing more effective public health interventions.

Methods: Incidence, age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), deaths, age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardised rate of DALYs (ASDR), and the burden due to risk factors associated with FBCUO cancer were analysed from 1990 to 2021, and the Bayesian APC model was utilized for forecasting future epidemiological trajectories. All statistical analyses were performed using Join-point software (version 4.9.1.0).

Results: Between 1990 to 2021, the global incidence, death, and DALYs, of female breast, cervical, uterine and ovarian cancer both to varying degrees of elevation. However, the ASMR and ASDR both showed a decreasing trend for FBCUO cancer. In 2021, diet high in red meat was a major risk factor for female breast cancer DALYs, but the attributable ASDR for diet high in red meat decreased from 1990 to 2021. Unsafe sex was the leading risk factor for cervical cancer DALYs, high body-mass index were the leading risk factor for uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. Projections indicate a global increase in the total number of female breast cancer and ovarian cancer cases from 2021 to 2050. In contrast, both cervical cancer and uterine cancer are expected to show downward trends over the same period.

Conclusions: The burden attributable to FBCUO cancers has increased significantly in female populations from 1990 to 2021, underscoring the urgent need for targeted measures to mitigate this trend. Meanwhile, Annual Percentage Change (APC) analysis indicates that the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for female breast and ovarian cancers may continue to rise from 2022 to 2050. This projection highlights the importance of timely interventions to address these growing challenges.

Keywords: Cervical cancer; Disability–adjusted life years; Female breast cancer; Incidence; Mortality; Ovarian cancer; Risk factors; Uterine cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Age-standardised incidence (A), mortality (B) and DALYs rate (C) of female breast cancer in 204 countries around the world. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Age-standardised incidence (A), mortality (B) and DALYs rate (C) of cervical cancer in 204 countries around the world. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Age-standardised incidence (A), mortality (B) and DALYs rate (C) of uterine cancer in 204 countries around the world. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Age-standardised incidence (A), mortality (B) and DALYs rate (C) of ovarian cancer in 204 countries around the world. DALYs, disability-adjusted life-years
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The age-specific burden of female breast cancer, incidence and age-standardised incidence rate (A), deaths and age-standardised mortality rate (B), DALYs and age-standardised DALYs rate (C), in 2021
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The age-specific burden of cervical cancer, incidence and age-standardised incidence rate (A), deaths and age-standardised mortality rate (B), DALYs and age-standardised DALYs rate (C), in 2021
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The age-specific burden of uterine cancer, incidence and age-standardised incidence rate (A), deaths and age-standardised mortality rate (B), DALYs and age-standardised DALYs rate (C), in 2021
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The age-specific burden of ovarian cancer, incidence and age-standardised incidence rate (A), deaths and age-standardised mortality rate (B), DALYs and age-standardised DALYs rate (C), in 2021
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Changes in total attributable DALYs for female breast, cervical, uterine and ovarian cancer in global and 5 SDI quintiles regions (1990–2021). DALYs, disability–adjusted life–years; SDI, Socio–demographic Index
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Projections of the Age-Standardized Incidence Rates (ASIR) and Number of Cases for Female Breast Cancer (A), Cervical Cancer (B), Uterine Cancer (C), and Ovarian Cancer (D) from 2022 to 2050
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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