Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Mar;29(2):e70052.
doi: 10.1111/petr.70052.

Pre-Transplant Immunophenotyping in Pediatric Heart Transplant: A Role for the Immunologist?

Lauren Gunderman  1   2   3   4 , Nicola Lancki  5 , Brian Madden  2   6 , Aisha Ahmed  1   2
Affiliations

Pre-Transplant Immunophenotyping in Pediatric Heart Transplant: A Role for the Immunologist?

Lauren Gunderman et al. Pediatr Transplant. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

Background: Pediatric heart transplant recipients are at risk for complications from prolonged exposure to immunosuppressive drugs, possibly worsened due to over-immune suppression in patients with pre-existing immune abnormalities.

Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center pediatric cohort study and review of baseline immune evaluation in patients referred for heart transplant. Referrals included were from January 1, 2021, to June 31, 2022.

Results: Fifty-one patients were referred during the time period with a median age of 5 years (ranging 1 month-20 years). Twenty-seven total patients were transplanted. Given a lack of standardized immune evaluation, results were focused on lymphocyte quantitation, functional testing when available, and T-cell subsets. Outcome measures focused on the number of infections and episodes of rejection requiring treatment. In total, 44.4% of patients experienced rejection, and the mean number of infections in the first 12 months post-heart transplant was 2.1 (range 0-7 total infections).

Conclusions: Baseline immune evaluation showed general T and B cell lymphopenia, without a clear connection between outcome differences for the number of infections or episodes of rejection requiring treatment. This small study demonstrated some differences in immune function in patients prior to heart transplant but was inadequately powered to draw conclusions about the effects of immunosuppression on post-transplant outcomes.

Keywords: baseline immune phenotype; children; heart transplant; immunosuppression; infections; pediatric heart transplant; rejection; transplant immunology.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Thymoglobulin in relation to CD3 and CD4 T‐cell count.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Thymoglobulin doses and rejection/infection.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Age at first cardiac intervention as predictor of interest for immune function outcomes. Heatmap of correlations.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Nordham K. D. and Ninokawa S., “The History of Organ Transplantation,” Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) 35, no. 1 (2021): 124–128. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Colvin M. M., Smith J. M., Ahn Y. S., et al., “OPTN/SRTR 2022 Annual Data Report: Heart,” American Journal of Transplantation: Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 24, no. 2S1 (2024): S305–S393, 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.01.016. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Clauss H. E., Bettiker R. L., Samuel R., Truant A. L., Jungkind D., and Suh B., “Infections in Heart and Lung Transplant Recipients,” Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 34, no. 3 (2012): 19–25, 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2012.01.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. R Core Team , “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing,” R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria, https://www.R‐project.org/ (2021).
    1. Human A., Murguia‐Favela L., Benson L., Roifman I., and Grunebaum E., “Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases,” LymphoSign Journal 2, no. 3 (2015): 107–134, 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0013. - DOI

Substances