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. 2025 Feb 3;10(6):5478-5488.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c07673. eCollection 2025 Feb 18.

In Situ Preparation of Composite Scaffolds Based on Polyurethane and Hydroxyapatite Particles for Bone Tissue Engineering

Thátila Wanessa Vieira de Sousa  1 , Fernando da Silva Reis  1 , Wanderson Gabriel Gomes de Melo  2 , Aditya M Rai  3 , Mahendra Rai  4 , Anderson O Lobo  1 , Napoleão Martins Argôlo Neto  2 , José Milton E de Matos  1   5
Affiliations

In Situ Preparation of Composite Scaffolds Based on Polyurethane and Hydroxyapatite Particles for Bone Tissue Engineering

Thátila Wanessa Vieira de Sousa et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

This article details the in situ preparation of composite scaffolds using polyurethane (PU) and HAp (hydroxyapatite), focusing on the unique properties of buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) applicable to tissue engineering. PU derived from vegetable oils, particularly buriti oil, has shown promise in bone tissue repair due to its rich bioactive compounds. Buriti oil is an excellent candidate for manufacturing these materials as it is an oil rich in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and fatty acids, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, buriti oil has oleic acid as its principal fatty acid, which has been investigated as an excellent HAp dispersant. This research aimed to synthesize PU scaffolds from a polyol derived from buriti oil and incorporate HAp in different concentrations into the polymeric matrix through in situ polymerization. The chemical composition of the materials obtained, the distribution of hydroxyapatite particles in the polyurethane matrix, and the thermal stability were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and thermogravimetry (TGA). In addition, to investigate biocompatibility, MTT tests (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) were conducted using rat bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC). Characterizations confirm the formation of PU and the presence of HAp in the polymeric matrix, and the materials did not show cytotoxicity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic and structure of the biocomposite PU/HAp.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR spectra of polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 3
Figure 3
XRD patterns of polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 4
Figure 4
EDS of polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Micrography and pore size distribution of polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0), polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TGA and DTGA of materials of polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 7
Figure 7
PBS absorption of the polymers synthesized at different time intervals (a). In vitro degradation of synthesized polymers (b). Micrographs of the samples studied after the degradation test (c). Polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 8
Figure 8
FTIR of the samples studied after the degradation test: polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Toxicity of synthesized materials against Artemia salina for 24 and 48 h. Polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Cell viability according to the MTT assay, 24, 48, and 72 h, for the synthesized materials. Polyurethane without hydroxyapatite (PU-0) and polyurethane with 5% (PU-5), 10% (PU-10), and 15% (PU-15) of HAp.
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