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Review
. 2025 Feb 1;14(2):140.
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14020140.

Psychrobacter Infections in Humans-A Narrative Review of Reported Cases

Petros Ioannou  1   2 , Afroditi Ziogou  3 , Alexios Giannakodimos  4 , Ilias Giannakodimos  5 , Andreas G Tsantes  6 , George Samonis  2   7
Affiliations
Review

Psychrobacter Infections in Humans-A Narrative Review of Reported Cases

Petros Ioannou et al. Antibiotics (Basel). .

Abstract

Background: Psychrobacter species are aerobic, Gram-negative, spherical-to-rod-shaped, psychrophilic bacteria that belong to the Moraxellaceae family. In spite of their uncommon manifestation in the general population, infections due to Psychrobacter spp. are increasingly identified especially in immunocompromised individuals or patients with severe comorbidities.

Objectives: This review aims to analyze all reported instances of Psychrobacter spp. infections in humans, with an emphasis on data pertaining to epidemiology, microbiology, antimicrobial resistance, treatment strategies, and mortality outcomes.

Methods: A narrative review was performed through a literature search of PubMed/MedLine and Scopus databases.

Results: In total, 12 articles offered data on 12 patients infected with Psychrobacter spp. Their mean age was 33.41 years, while 63.64% of them were male. Immunosuppression was the predominant risk factor (33.3%). Bacteremia was the most commonly observed type of infection (41.6%), followed by meningitis, skin infection, and conjunctivitis. Psychrobacter immobilis was the most usually identified species (33.3%). The pathogen exhibited sensitivity to most antimicrobials. The most widely administered antimicrobials included cephalosporins (70%), followed by aminopenicillins and vancomycin (40%, respectively). The clinical outcome depended primarily on the infection site; mortality rate was high (44.4%), especially in cases of bacteremia (50%).

Conclusion: Due to the potential of Psychrobacter spp. to cause serious infection, clinicians and laboratory professionals should consider it in the differential diagnosis in patients with infections by Gram-negative spherical bacteria, particularly in patients with significant comorbidities and immunodeficiency, in order to accurately establish the diagnosis and proceed to the right treatment.

Keywords: Psychrobacter; bacteremia; endocarditis; infection; osteomyelitis; peritonitis; pneumonia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Trial flow of this narrative review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pie chart of geographical distribution of Psychrobacter spp. infections globally.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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