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. 2025 Feb 14;30(4):886.
doi: 10.3390/molecules30040886.

Development of Subcritical Water Extraction for Areca Alkaloids and Its Influence on the Structure of Areca Nut Husk

Hongliang Zhao  1   2 , Jinghao Yang  3 , Jun Zeng  3 , Bosheng Zhou  1 , Min Yang  4 , Xiaohong Yang  1 , Ranfeng Sun  1
Affiliations

Development of Subcritical Water Extraction for Areca Alkaloids and Its Influence on the Structure of Areca Nut Husk

Hongliang Zhao et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The optimal process parameters of subcritical water extraction (SWE) for areca alkaloids in areca nut (AN) husk were described: extraction temperature of 110.87 °C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 18.98:1 and extraction time of 50.01 min. It was found that the factors influencing the process in order of significance were extraction time > extraction temperature > liquid-to-solid ratio. Considering practical conditions, the parameters were adjusted to the extraction temperature of 110 °C, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 19:1 and the extraction time of 50 min. The measured extraction rate was 81.7%, which is close to the predicted value, indicating that the extraction process optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is feasible. Meanwhile, preliminary results from XRD and FT-IR indicated that SWE had a significant influence on the structure of the AN husk, possibly by damaging some of the crystalline regions of cellulose in the AN husk or reducing the concentration of various functional groups. Overall, this study provided valuable insights in the SWE for areca alkaloids and its influence on the structure of areca nut husk, and further exploration for industrialization is still under development in our laboratory.

Keywords: alkaloid; areca nut; fiber; husk; subcritical water extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The standard curve of areca alkaloids.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The influence of extraction time. The “a–d” marking method in SPSS difference analysis (p < 0.05): any with the same marker letter indicate no significant difference, while those with different marker letters indicate significant differences.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The influence of liquid-to-solid ratio. The “a–d” marking method in SPSS difference analysis (p < 0.05): any with the same marker letter indicate no significant difference, while those with different marker letters indicate significant differences.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The influence of extraction temperature. The “a–d” marking method in SPSS difference analysis (p < 0.05): any with the same marker letter indicate no significant difference, while those with different marker letters indicate significant differences.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Response surface plot of the interaction between A (extraction time), B (liquid-to-solid ratio) and C (extraction temperature).
Figure 6
Figure 6
The influence of SWE on the XRD of AN husk.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The influence of SWE on FT-IR spectrum of AN husk.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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