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. 2025 Jan 30:13:1258.
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.156336.2. eCollection 2024.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Gelatin-Chitosan-Tetraethyl Orthosilicate Calcium Hydroxide Composite as a Dental Pulp Medicament on COX-2, PGP 9.5, TNF-α Expression and Neutrophil number

Al-Qatta Ghadah Abdulrahman  1 , Endytiastuti Endytiastuti  2 , Retno Ardhani  3   4 , Iwa Sutardjo Rus Sudarso  4   5 , Bidhari Pidhatika  6 , Mh Busra Fauzi  7 , Heni Susilowati  8   9 , Yulita Kristanti  10 , Juni Handajani  8   9
Affiliations

Evaluating the Efficacy of Gelatin-Chitosan-Tetraethyl Orthosilicate Calcium Hydroxide Composite as a Dental Pulp Medicament on COX-2, PGP 9.5, TNF-α Expression and Neutrophil number

Al-Qatta Ghadah Abdulrahman et al. F1000Res. .

Abstract

Introduction: Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) is the material of choice for pulp therapy. However, Ca(OH) 2 has drawbacks such as toxicity, poor sealing, and tunnel defect formation. Alternative materials have been developed to provide more biocompatible materials with better dentin formation ability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of composites containing gelatin (G), chitosan (CH), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and Ca(OH) 2, namely G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 (Extended data) on inflammation of the dental pulp (expression of COX-2, PGP 9.5, TNF-α, and neutrophil number).

Materials and methods: A total of 16 Wistar rat models of acute pulp injury were prepared and divided into two groups, treatment and control, 8 with each. In the treatment group, we applied a pulp-capping material using G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 and Ca(OH) 2. On the 1 st and 3 rd days, rats were sacrificed. Tissue samples from 4 rats in each group were processed for histological preparation. COX-2, PGP 9.5, and TNF-α were observed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and neutrophil numbers were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Image analysis of COX-2, PGP 9.5, and TNF-α expression was performed using ImageJ software.

Results: The results showed a decrease in COX-2 expression, but not significantly while PGP 9.5 and TNF-α expression were significantly higher than those in the control group. Neutrophil numbers were lower in the treatment group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite material may have potential as an exposed pulp medicament by reducing inflammation (COX-2 expression and number of neutrophils) and increasing the regeneration factor (TNF-α expression) and nerve (PGP 9.5 expression).

Keywords: COX-2; Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2); Gelatin-Chitosan-Tetraethyl Orthosilicate-Calcium Hydroxide (G-CH-TEOS-Ca(OH)2) Composite; PGP 9.5; TNF-α; capping material; neutrophils.

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Conflict of interest statement

No competing interests were disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The area under the cavity preparation was observed in three fields (circle = ); = injury site; C = crown; D = dentin; R = root. HE Staining (Magnification ×40).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. COX-2 expression appeared brown in the pulp and was weaker after administration of Gelatin-Chitosan-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite (treatment) compared to the control.
D = dentin, PD = Predentin, = area of injury.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. PGP 9.5 expression showed brown in the nerve pulp. Expression PGP 9.5 was stronger after administration of Gelatin-Chitosan-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite (treatment) compare to control.
(Magnification ×200).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. Expression of TNF-α appeared brown in the odontoblast. Positive expression was shown after administration of Gelatin-Chitosan-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite (treatment) and controls.
(Magnification x200).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.. Neutrophil number (circle) in the pulp after administration of Gelatin-Chitosan-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite (treatment) were less than control (HE; 400×).
Inflammation decreased with increasing observation time. = area of injury, = neutrophils.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.. Mean and standard deviation expression of COX-2, PGP 9.5 and TNF-α after application Gelatin-Chitosan-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite (treatment) and Ca(OH) 2 as control on the 1 st and 3 rd day.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.. Mean and standard deviation of the neutrophils number in the inflamed pulp of Wistar rats.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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