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. 2025 Feb 28;15(1):7148.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91852-w.

Investigation of physical, structural, optical, and luminescence properties of nickel oxide doped alkali zinco-borate glasses

Vinay D  1 , Devaraja C  2 , R S Gedam  3 , Eraiah B  4 , G V Jagadeesha Gowda  5 , Ashok Reddy G V  6 , Utpal Deka  7
Affiliations

Investigation of physical, structural, optical, and luminescence properties of nickel oxide doped alkali zinco-borate glasses

Vinay D et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Glasses having the stoichiometry ratio [(70-x) B2O3-10Na2O-20ZnO-xNiO] where 0.0 ≤ x < 0.3 mol% were synthesized using a melt quenching technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique confirmed the non-crystalline properties of the glasses. Surface morphology and elemental analysis were done by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra. The glass density ranged from 2.539 to 2.597 gcm-3 and the physical characteristics such as ion concentration, inter-ionic distance, average boron-boron distance, oxygen packing density, polaron radius, and field strength were calculated and interpreted. The deconvolution spectra of Fourier Transfer Infra-Red (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy resulted in BO3 unit to BO4 unit conversion as the NiO concentration increased. The UV-Visible spectroscopy showed absorption peaks near 425 nm and 800 nm corresponding to 3A2g (F) → 3T1g (P)) and (3A2g (F) → 1Eg(3F)) transitions respectively. The direct bandgap decreased from 4.00 to 3.76 eV, but the indirect bandgap increased from 3.00 to 3.12 eV. The Urbach energy of glasses decreased from 0.56 to 0.35 with an increase in NiO concentration showing the compactness of the glass network. Furthermore, optical characteristics were determined, including the refractive index, dielectric constant, metallization criterion, electronic oxide ion polarizability, optical basicity, and numerical aperture. Photoluminescence spectra exhibit strong green and cyan emission due to d-d transitions of Ni2+. The CIE Chromaticity coordinates confirm that the observed green light emission from BZNNi glasses are suitable candidates for optoelectronic applications.

Keywords: Borate glasses; CIE chromaticity; Deconvolution; Numerical aperture; Optical basicity; Photoluminescence.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: This article doesn’t contain any studies involving animals performed by any authors. Also, this article does not contain any studies involving human participants conducted by the authors. Consent to participate: All Authors agree to participate in the published version of the manuscript. Consent for publication: All Authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic representation of the BZNNi series glass.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Typical XRD pattern of the BZNNi0 and BZNNi3 glasses.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The SEM photographs of (a) BZNNi0. (b) BZNNi1. (c) BZNNi2. (d) BZNNi3 glasses.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The EDS spectra of (a) BZNNi0 (b) BZNNi1. (c) BZNNi2. (d) BZNNi3 glasses.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Relationship between formula image and formula image of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Relationship between formula image and formula image of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
FTIR spectra of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Deconvoluted FTIR spectra of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Raman spectra of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Deconvoluted Raman spectra of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Absorption of UV–visible spectra of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Direct and indirect bandgap of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
Urbach energy of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Comparison with formula image and refractive index (formula image) of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Relationship between formula image and formula image of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
Relationship between formula image and formula image of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Relationship between formula image and formula image of BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 18
Fig. 18
Relationhip between formula image and formula image of BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 19
Fig. 19
Photoluminescence spectra of the BZNNi glass series.
Fig. 20
Fig. 20
Energy level diagram of the Ni2+(3d8).
Fig. 21
Fig. 21
CIE Chromacity analysis of the BZNNi glass series.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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