Diagnostic and epidemiological landscape of anaerobic bacteria in Europe, 2020-2023 (ANAEuROBE)

Matteo Boattini¹, Gabriele Bianco², Paulo Bastos³, Viktoria Eirini Mavromanolaki⁴, Sofia Maraki⁵, Anastasia Spiliopoulou⁶, Vasileios Kakouris⁶, Yordan Kalchev⁷, Ana Budimir⁸, Branka Bedenić⁸, Zana Rubic⁹, Monica Licker¹⁰, Corina Musuroi¹⁰, Emese Juhász¹¹, Katalin Kristóf¹¹, Mateja Pirs¹², Ivana Velimirovic¹², Michael Berktold¹³, Adriána Liptáková¹⁴, Adriana Krajcikova¹⁴, Pavel Drevinek¹⁵, Anezka Gryndlerova¹⁵, Monika Brzychczy-Wloch¹⁶, Aldona Olechowska-Jarząb¹⁷, Filip Bielec¹⁸, Małgorzata Brauncajs¹⁸, Edyta Podsiadly¹⁹, Grażyna Nurzyńska²⁰, Patrycja Zalas-Więcek²¹, Kristian Riesbeck²², Hanna-Sofia Andersson²², Tone Tønjum²³, Johan Christian Berild²⁴, Truls Michael Leegaard²⁵, Asger Nellemann Rasmussen²⁶, Kristian Schønning²⁷, Stefan Glöckner²⁸, Jürgen Rödel²⁸, Mohamed Tarek Badr²⁹, Georg Alexander Häcker³⁰, Denise Stark³¹, Axel Hamprecht³¹, Anna Dudakova³², Jonathan Jantsch³², Stefano Mancini³³, Chantal Quiblier³³, Damien Jacot³⁴, Gilbert Greub³⁵, Tiziano Ferniani³⁶, Simone Ambretti³⁷, Maddalena Calvo³⁸, Stefania Stefani³⁹, Rogier Schade⁴⁰, Erlangga Yusuf⁴¹, Stefanie van Kleef-van Koeveringe⁴², Sarah Vandamme⁴², Alexia Verroken⁴³, Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos⁴³, François Duigou⁴⁴, Stéphane Corvec⁴⁵, Pauline Floch⁴⁶, Clémence Massip⁴⁶, Delphine Chainier⁴⁷, Olivier Barraud⁴⁷, Marie-Bossuète Louissaint⁴⁸, Assaf Mizrahi⁴⁹, Saied Ali⁵⁰, Maeve Doyle⁵⁰, Clarice Egan⁵¹, Sinead McNicholas⁵¹, Javier Colomina-Rodriguez⁵², Ignacio Torres⁵², Raul Gilarranz Luengo⁵³, Maria Nieves Larrosa Escartín⁵⁴, Maria Belen Viñado Perez⁵⁴, Ana Verónica Halperin⁵⁵, Sergio Fuente García⁵⁵, Rafael Cantón⁵⁶, Miguel Seruca⁵⁷, Vasco Santos Mendes⁵⁷, Dinah Carvalho⁵⁸, Rossana Cavallo⁵⁹, José Melo Cristino⁶⁰, Cristina Costa⁵⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: matteo.boattini@unito.it.
² Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
³ Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
⁴ Department of Paediatrics, Agios Nikolaos General Hospital, Crete, Greece.
⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
⁶ Department of Microbiology, University of Patras, Medical School, Patras, Greece.
⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology "Prof. Dr. Elissay Yanev", Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁸ Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁹ Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.
¹⁰ Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Microbiology Laboratory, 'Pius Branzeu' Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania.
¹¹ Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹² Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹³ Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁴ Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
¹⁵ Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁶ Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁷ Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁸ Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
¹⁹ Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²⁰ Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²¹ Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) in Toruń, Clinical Microbiology Division, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
²² Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
²³ Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁴ Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁵ Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
²⁶ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁸ Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
²⁹ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁰ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³¹ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
³² Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³³ Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³⁴ Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁵ Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁶ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
³⁷ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
³⁸ U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy.
³⁹ U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴² Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁴³ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, Service de Bactériologie et des Contrôles Microbiologiques, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
⁴⁵ Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, Service de Bactériologie et des Contrôles Microbiologiques, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.
⁴⁶ Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
⁴⁷ Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Limoges, France.
⁴⁸ Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Saint-Joseph & Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France.
⁴⁹ Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Saint-Joseph & Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France; Institut Micalis UMR 1319, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Châtenay Malabry, France.
⁵⁰ Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland.
⁵¹ Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁵² Microbiology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁵³ Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas, Spain.
⁵⁴ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁵ Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁶ CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁸ Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁹ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁶⁰ Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

PMID: 40024606
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107478

Free article

Observational Study

Diagnostic and epidemiological landscape of anaerobic bacteria in Europe, 2020-2023 (ANAEuROBE)

Matteo Boattini et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2025 Jun.

Free article

. 2025 Jun;65(6):107478.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107478. Epub 2025 Feb 28.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: matteo.boattini@unito.it.
² Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
³ Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
⁴ Department of Paediatrics, Agios Nikolaos General Hospital, Crete, Greece.
⁵ Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
⁶ Department of Microbiology, University of Patras, Medical School, Patras, Greece.
⁷ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology "Prof. Dr. Elissay Yanev", Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
⁸ Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁹ Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia.
¹⁰ Microbiology Department, Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Microbiology Laboratory, 'Pius Branzeu' Emergency Clinical County Hospital, Timisoara, Romania.
¹¹ Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹² Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
¹³ Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
¹⁴ Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.
¹⁵ Department of Medical Microbiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁶ Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁷ Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Microbiology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
¹⁸ Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
¹⁹ Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²⁰ Microbiological Laboratory, University Center of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
²¹ Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) in Toruń, Clinical Microbiology Division, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
²² Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Lund, Sweden.
²³ Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁴ Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
²⁵ Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
²⁶ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁷ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁸ Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
²⁹ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
³⁰ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³¹ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
³² Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
³³ Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³⁴ Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁵ Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁶ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
³⁷ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
³⁸ U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy.
³⁹ U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, A.O.U. "Policlinico-San Marco", Catania, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
⁴² Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
⁴³ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, Service de Bactériologie et des Contrôles Microbiologiques, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.
⁴⁵ Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, Service de Bactériologie et des Contrôles Microbiologiques, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.
⁴⁶ Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
⁴⁷ Université Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Limoges, France.
⁴⁸ Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Saint-Joseph & Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France.
⁴⁹ Service de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Saint-Joseph & Marie-Lannelongue, Paris, France; Institut Micalis UMR 1319, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Châtenay Malabry, France.
⁵⁰ Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland.
⁵¹ Department of Microbiology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁵² Microbiology Service, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
⁵³ Service of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas, Spain.
⁵⁴ Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁵ Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁶ CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁸ Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁵⁹ Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Turin, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy.
⁶⁰ Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

PMID: 40024606
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107478

Abstract

Introduction: Despite being implicated in a wide spectrum of community- and healthcare-acquired infections, anaerobes have not yet been incorporated into systematic surveillance programs in Europe.

Methods: We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study analysing all anaerobic strains isolated from blood cultures in 44 European Hospital Centres over a 4-y period (2020-2023). Diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility according to EUCAST v. 15.0 were investigated.

Results: Our study included 14,527 anaerobes, most of which were Gram-positive (45%) or Gram-negative (40%) bacilli. MALDI-TOF coupled to mass spectrometry was the most widely used tool for species identification (98%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in the vast majority of centres, using mostly gradient diffusion strip (77%) and disk diffusion (45%) methods according to EUCAST guidelines. The most prevalent species were Cutibacterium acnes (18.7%), Bacteroides fragilis (16.3%), Clostridium perfringens (5.3%), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (4.2%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (3.5%), and Parvimonas micra (3.4%). C. acnes showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin (18%), clindamycin (39%), and imipenem (19% and 13% by MIC methods and disk diffusion, respectively). B. fragilis showed high resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (24%), piperacillin/tazobactam (22% and 14% by MIC methods and disk diffusion, respectively), clindamycin (22% by both MIC methods and disk diffusion), meropenem (13%), and metronidazole (10%, only by disk diffusion). A similar resistance pattern was observed in B. thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and Parabacteroides distasonis. C. perfringens showed high resistance to clindamycin (69% and 45% by MIC methods and disk diffusion, respectively), while benzylpenicillin and metronidazole maintained over 90% activity. F. nucleatum showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin (11%), while Fusobacterium necrophorum showed alarming rates of resistance to clindamycin (12%), meropenem (16%) and metronidazole (11%).

Conclusions: This study presented an up-to-date analysis of the diagnostics and epidemiology of anaerobic bacteria in Europe, providing insights for future comparative analyses and the development of antimicrobial diagnostic and management strategies, as well as the optimization of current antibiotic treatments.

Keywords: Anaerobes; Antimicrobial resistance; Bacteroides; Blood culture; Clostridium; Sepsis.

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Diagnostic and epidemiological landscape of anaerobic bacteria in Europe, 2020-2023 (ANAEuROBE)

Affiliations

Diagnostic and epidemiological landscape of anaerobic bacteria in Europe, 2020-2023 (ANAEuROBE)

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

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MeSH terms

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LinkOut - more resources

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Medical