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. 2025 Mar 1;15(1):7262.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91092-y.

Impact of snowfall on emergency medical system and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Yuki Mori #  1 , Sakae Takenaka #  1 , Toshiyuki Nagai  2 , Kohei Saiin  1 , Akinori Takahashi  1 , Yoshifumi Mizuguchi  1 , Takao Konishi  1 , Toshihisa Anzai  1 , Daisuke Hotta  3 , Mitsunori Kamigaki  4 , Seiji Yamazaki  5 , Tsutomu Fujita  6 , Takehiro Yamashita  7 , Kandoh Kawahatsu  8 , Takashi Suzuki  9 , Yoichi Nozaki  10 , Taku Sakurada  11 , Takashi Takenaka  12 , Yasumi Igarashi  13 , Takao Makino  14 ; Sapporo city Acute Coronary Syndrome Network
Affiliations

Impact of snowfall on emergency medical system and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Yuki Mori et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) requires rapid transportation by the emergency medical system (EMS). In snowy areas, traffic conditions may delay EMS transport times and increase mortality rate of ACS. However, there is a paucity of systemic data showing how snowfall affects the EMS and mortality in patients with ACS. This study aimed to investigate the impact of snowfall on the EMS transport times and in-hospital death in patients with ACS. We examined 2387 consecutive ACS patients who were transported via EMS to hospitals participating in the Sapporo City ACS network between April 2013 and April 2023. The patients were divided into two groups based on their arrival on either a snowy day (n = 612, 26%) or a non-snowy day (n = 1775, 74%), as determined by historical weather records from the Japan Meteorological Agency for the Sapporo area. The median age was 68 years, 1754 (74.6%) patients were male. Patients in the snowy day group had longer median time from an EMS call to hospital than those in the non-snowy day group (33 min [IQR 26-40] vs. 29 min [IQR 24-36], P < 0.001). Quantity of snowfall was associated with a delayed time from EMS call to hospital. The proportion of in-hospital death was higher in the snowy day group compared to the non-snowy day group (7.3% vs. 4.6%, P = 0.011). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the snowfall was independently associated with higher incidence of in-hospital death (odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.00-2.47, P = 0.048). In conclusion, snowfall had a significant impact on the EMS and mortality in patients with ACS in an urban city in Japan.

Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome; Emergency medical system; Snowfall.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the present study. ACS Acute coronary syndrome, EMS Emergency medical system.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mean quantity of snow each month during April 2013 and April 2023.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Correlation between quantity of snow and time from EMS call to hospital. EMS, emergency medical system.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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