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Review
. 2025 May;53(4):863-879.
doi: 10.1002/jcu.23904. Epub 2025 Mar 4.

Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies Detected by Ultrasound as Clinical Risk Factors of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Case Series Review of Selected Conditions. Part 3: Vascular Anomalies of the Umbilical Cord and Fetoplacental Vascular Malperfusion

Gabriele Tonni  1 , Mario Lituania  2 , Gianpaolo Grisolia  3 , Alessia Pinto  3 , Maria Paola Bonasoni  4 , Giuseppe Rizzo  5 , Rodrigo Ruano  6 , Edward Araujo Júnior  7 , Heron Werner  8 , Waldo Sepulveda  9 , Gianluigi Pilu  10 ; International Perinatology Research Group ‐ IPRG
Affiliations
Review

Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies Detected by Ultrasound as Clinical Risk Factors of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes. Case Series Review of Selected Conditions. Part 3: Vascular Anomalies of the Umbilical Cord and Fetoplacental Vascular Malperfusion

Gabriele Tonni et al. J Clin Ultrasound. 2025 May.

Abstract

In the previous published reviews Part 1 and Part 2, we examined the association between placental and umbilical cord anomalies in relation to adverse perinatal outcomes. In this conclusive Part 3, only umbilical cord vascular anomalies are considered, together with the perinatal effects caused by maternal vascular malperfusion and the secondary fetal vascular malperfusion anomalies. Specifically, the review comprises the following umbilical cord pathologies: umbilical cord torsion/stricture, amniotic band syndrome and umbilical cord strictures/strangulation, umbilical cord hemorrhagic cyst, umbilical cord rupture/cord hemangioma, umbilical cord hematoma, and umbilical cord ulceration. A series of case presentations and a gallery of images have been included to illustrate this final review.

Keywords: adverse perinatal outcomes; fetal pathology; fetal vascular malperfusion; maternal vascular malperfusion; ultrasound; umbilical cord vascular anomalies.

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References

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