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. 2025 Sep;35(5):878-887.
doi: 10.1111/ipd.13301. Epub 2025 Mar 4.

Sequelae in Permanent Dentition After Traumatic Dental Injury in the Primary Dentition-A Retrospective Cohort Study

Anne-Marie Folmer  1 , Eva Lauridsen  2 , Josephine Solgaard Henriksen  1 , Nuno Vibe Hermann  1
Affiliations

Sequelae in Permanent Dentition After Traumatic Dental Injury in the Primary Dentition-A Retrospective Cohort Study

Anne-Marie Folmer et al. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2025 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Luxation injuries to the predecessors can cause sequelae in the permanent successors.

Aim: To describe and analyze sequelae in permanent successors according to the child's age at the time of different luxation traumas (concussion, subluxation, extrusion, lateral luxation, intrusion and avulsion) in the primary dentition compared with matched controls.

Design: A retrospective analysis of 206 patients with 360 potentially damaged permanent teeth (PDPT) and 1057 permanent control teeth was performed. The PDPT was sorted into three age groups. The relative risk and level of significance (p = 0,05) of diffuse opacities, demarcated opacities, hypoplasia, and malformations were analyzed using Fischer's exact test and SPSS (version 29.0.1.0 (171), SPSS Inc. IBM Company).

Results: Hypoplasia and malformations occurred more often in the 0-2-years group and were related to lateral luxation, intrusion, and avulsion injuries in the primary dentition. Demarcated and diffuse opacities occurred in all age groups and were related to subluxation, extrusion, lateral luxation, intrusion, and avulsion injuries. The risk was found to be more than seven times greater in trauma subgroups compared to controls.

Conclusion: The younger the child is at the time of traumatic dental injury and the more extensive the luxation injury is, the greater the risk of developing a sequela.

Keywords: demarcated opacity; hypoplasia; malformation; sequelae; traumatic dental injury.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
A, B, and C show a clinical photo and X‐rays from a patient in the study, where a 2‐year‐old boy fell from a climbing frame in his kindergarten. Pictures were taken within 1.5 h of when the injury occurred. Tooth 52 suffered from lateral luxation, whereas 51 and 61 suffered from intrusion. D and E show a clinical photo and X‐ray from the last follow‐up visit. No treatment was administered on the day of the injury. Tooth 12 developed a small diffuse opacity at the facial surface, whereas 11 and 21 both developed a greater enamel hypoplasia on the facial surface.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
A and B show a clinical photo and X‐ray from a patient in the study, where a 2‐year‐old boy fell with a pram. Pictures were taken within 2 h of when the injury occurred. Tooth 51 suffered from lateral luxation, and the tooth was extracted the same day as the injury occurred. C shows a clinical photo from 8 years after the dental trauma. Due to the poor quality of clinical photos from the 10‐year follow‐up, the presented photo from an earlier follow‐up control is included to illustrate the sequelae. D shows an X‐ray from the last follow‐up visit. Tooth 11 developed a crown‐dilaceration.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Flowchart of patient selection in the dental trauma group.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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