Diversity of Ticks and Rickettsiae in the Southwestern United States: Implications for Public Health

Abstract

Background: Surveillance is important in addressing the significant public health concerns posed by tick-borne diseases. However, the southwestern U.S. presents particular challenges due to diverse tick fauna and varied ecologies. Methods: From 2021 to 2022, we conducted a partner-based tick surveillance program in Arizona and California to assess the presence of Rickettsia spp. pathogens and species composition of tick vectors. Results: A total of 913 ticks was collected, comprising in descending abundance Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor similis, Ixodes pacificus (I. pacificus), Argas sp., Otobius megnini, and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris. Arizona submitted predominantly brown dog ticks (90.05% of all ticks from Arizona), while California showed greater tick species richness with five species identified. No Rickettsia rickettsii was detected, but a variety of other Rickettsia spp. was found in ticks from both Arizona and California and included Rickettsia rhipicephali (R. rhipicephali), Rickettsia massiliae, and Rickettsia monacensis-like rickettsial agents of I. pacificus, and two rickettsial organisms that were not identified to species: one Rickettsia montanensis or Rickettsia raoultii-like, and the other most similar to Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae (R. tarasevichiae). Conclusion: This research contributes to our understanding of tickborne diseases in the southwestern U.S., and emphasizes the need for targeted surveillance and intervention initiatives in a region with complex relationships among ticks, hosts, and Rickettsia species. In particular, the finding of an apparently novel pairing of an unknown Argas sp. tick and R. tarasevichiae-like organism suggests that argasid species are an important target for future research. In addition, the results-both tick species submitted and resulting Rickettsia spp. identified-highlights the strengths and potential biases associated with a partner-based sampling method for tick surveillance.

Keywords: Dermacentor similis; Haemaphysalis leporispalustris; Ixodes pacificus; Otobius megnini; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; spotted fever group rickettsiae.