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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Feb 18:13:1538833.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1538833. eCollection 2025.

Effects of exercise intervention on tobacco dependence: a meta-analysis

Jinzhi Xu  1 , Shiyue Zhang  2 , Zichao Chen  2 , Zhusheng Wu  3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Effects of exercise intervention on tobacco dependence: a meta-analysis

Jinzhi Xu et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Introduction: Smoking poses a significant threat to global human health, making smoking cessation a controllable means of preventing mortality. Exercise, as a means of promoting a healthy lifestyle, offers substantial benefits to individuals attempting to quit smoking. However, due to variations in experimental populations and conditions, the specific effects and benefits of exercise on smoking cessation remain unclear. In this meta-analysis, we comprehensively evaluated the withdrawal effects of different intensities of exercise on tobacco-dependent individuals.

Methods: Statistical analysis and graphing were performed using Stata 14 and Review Manager 5.4 software. A total of 47 literatures, encompassing 57 randomized controlled trials and involving 4,267 tobacco-dependent individuals, were included.

Results: The meta-analysis results showed that long-term exercise had no significant difference or impact on the degree of tobacco dependence between the exercise and control groups. However, acute exercise was associated with increased tobacco craving (desire and intensity) and more pronounced withdrawal symptoms.

Discussion: Acute aerobic exercise can significantly reduce craving and withdrawal symptoms among individuals attempting to quit smoking, demonstrating a certain role in smoking cessation. Acute aerobic exercise emerges as the most effective form of physical exercise for intervening in tobacco dependence.

Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, CRD42024550014.

Keywords: acute aerobic exercise; meta-analysis; physical exercise; smoking cessation; tobacco dependence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PubMed search strategy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Inclusion process of literature selection.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Results of bias assessment (A,B).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot of A1 and A2.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, D1, and D2.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Results of sensitivity analysis for A1 and A2.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Results of sensitivity analysis for B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, D1, and D2.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Results of funnel plot for B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, D1, and D2.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Results of funnel plot for A1, A2.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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