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. 2025 Mar;37(3):e70016.
doi: 10.1002/ajhb.70016.

Adverse Childhood Experiences in Obesity and Hypertension Among Young Adults in Delhi-NCR, India

Vineet Chaudhary  1 , Gagandeep Kaur Walia  2 , Oishi Choudhury  1 , Naorem Kiranmala Devi  1 , Kallur Nava Saraswathy  1
Affiliations

Adverse Childhood Experiences in Obesity and Hypertension Among Young Adults in Delhi-NCR, India

Vineet Chaudhary et al. Am J Hum Biol. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

Objectives: Despite growing evidence linking adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with physical health conditions such as obesity and hypertension, research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including India, remains limited. This study aims to examine the relationship between ACE exposure and the risk of overweight/obesity and hypertension among young adults in Delhi-NCR, India.

Methods: The present cross-sectional study involved 1702 young adults of both sexes. Participants were recruited from two universities in Delhi-NCR, India. ACEs were measured using the ACE-International questionnaire (ACE-IQ), while anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference) and blood pressure parameters were assessed using standard protocols.

Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity increased with higher ACE categories, from 38% among participants with no ACEs to 49.7% among those with ≥ 4 ACEs (p = 0.006). Linear regression showed a significant positive association between ACE scores and BMI (β = 0.182, p = 0.004), waist circumference (WC; β = 0.351, p = 0.022), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; β = 0.002, p = 0.026). Odds ratio analysis revealed that participants with 3 or more ACEs had increased odds of being overweight/obese compared to unexposed individuals. No consistent associations were found between ACE exposure and blood pressure parameters. Among specific ACE domains, household mental illness was associated with higher odds of both general and central obesity, and bullying showed the highest odds for overweight/obesity.

Conclusions: ACE-exposed young adults may be at a higher risk of overweight/obesity; however, the risk of hypertension may not be immediate. Early intervention may help offset the risk of obesity and related disorders among ACE-exposed youth.

Keywords: ACEs; BMI; blood pressure; central obesity; overweight.

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