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Review
. 2025 Apr;7(2):e240294.
doi: 10.1148/ryct.240294.

Multimodality Imaging for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Romulo A Pasini  1 , Mohammad A Z Al-Ani  1 , Stephan Altmayer  2 , Joice Dias Prodigios  1 , Borna Mehrad  1 , Edson Marchiori  3 , Divya Patel  1 , Matheus Zanon  4 , Tan-Lucien Mohammed  5 , Moacir Moreno Jr  1 , Ian T Griffin  1 , Jessica Shapiro Gemmell  1 , Bruno Hochhegger  1
Affiliations
Review

Multimodality Imaging for the Diagnosis and Evaluation of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Romulo A Pasini et al. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on three criteria: clinical history, consistent imaging findings, and histopathology. Radiologists play an important role for the diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of patients with sarcoidosis, which often require a multimodal approach. This imaging essay will explore the typical and atypical imaging manifestations of sarcoidosis at chest radiography, CT, PET/CT, and MRI, provide imaging examples, and discuss relevant differential diagnoses for clinical practice. Keywords: Thorax, MR-Imaging, Staging, PET/CT, CT, Conventional Radiography, Sarcoidosis, Thoracic Imaging, Scintigraphy Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2025.

Keywords: CT; Conventional Radiography; MR-Imaging; PET/CT; Sarcoidosis; Scintigraphy; Staging; Thoracic Imaging; Thorax.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures of conflicts of interest: R.A.P. No relevant relationships. M.A.Z.A. National Institutes of Health grant UL1TR001427, American Heart Association Grant 24SCEFIA1253259, and Bristol Myers Squibb CME and QI grant 150208980; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Abiomed and American College of Cardiology. S.A. No relevant relationships. J.D.P. No relevant relationships. B.M. Grants from National Institutes of Health (R01AI135128, R01HL169974) and W.M. Keck Foundation Medical Research Grant (994413). E.M. No relevant relationships. D.P. No relevant relationships. M.Z. No relevant relationships. T.L.M. No relevant relationships. M.M. No relevant relationships. I.T.G. No relevant relationships. J.S.G. No relevant relationships. B.H. No relevant relationships.

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