Disclosure statement Supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (awards R01AI135197 and R01AI121322 [both to H.S.G.]), and the Ronald B. and Cynthia J. McNeill Term Professorship in Nanomedicine (NC State University). Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: H. S. Gill is a coinventor on a patent related to the use of microneedle technology for allergen immunotherapy and is also a cofounder and shareholder of Moonlight Therapeutics, a startup engaged in developing microneedles for allergen immunotherapy. These potential conflicts of interests have been disclosed and are being managed by NC Sate University.