Portal hypertension-associated gastric pathology: role of endoscopic banding ligation

Abstract

Liver cirrhosis, marked by fibrosis and nodular regeneration, triggers a cascade of events resulting in portal hypertension (PH) and, subsequently, hepatic decompensation in its final stages. PH, arising from increased intrahepatic vascular resistance, serves as a harbinger of complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy, underscoring its clinical significance. Timely diagnosis of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) is of pivotal importance, prompting the exploration of noninvasive diagnostic tools such as liver stiffness and spleen stiffness measurement. β-blockers, particularly Carvedilol, emerge as stalwart therapeutic agents in managing CSPH by inducing splanchnic vasoconstriction and reducing cardiac output. However, choosing between β-blockers and endoscopic banding ligation (EBL) for variceal bleeding prophylaxis requires careful consideration, especially in decompensated cirrhosis cases. EBL, while effective in preventing variceal bleeding, has several drawbacks, ranging from its inability to effectively treat PH to its association with upper digestive tract complications such as portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and portal hypertensive polyps (PHPs). This narrative review aims to underline the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PH and to elucidate the relationship between PH, PHG, PHPs, and the use of EBL. This investigation emphasizes the urgency for further research aimed at devising optimal management strategies for PHG and PHPs, particularly in decompensated cirrhosis. Indeed, PH in cirrhotic patients requires a multifaceted approach encompassing early diagnosis, tailored therapeutic interventions, and ongoing research efforts aimed at refining treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.