Consensus Approach for Standardization of the Timing of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Classification of Brain Injury in Neonates With Neonatal Encephalopathy/Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Canadian Perspective

Abstract

Background: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are linked to significant neurodevelopmental impairments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred modality for classifying brain injury severity in HIE, yet considerable variability exists among institutions in terms of MRI timing, protocols, injury classification, and scoring systems for predicting long-term outcomes.

Methods: A Canadian taskforce comprising radiologists and neonatologists was established to develop a consensus on the optimal timing of brain MRI, appropriate MRI protocols, and a unified approach to the classification and scoring of brain injury in infants with NE secondary to hypoxic-ischemic insult. The taskforce proposed a radiological classification and scoring system that is both simplified and modified from previously validated systems.

Results: The consensus resulted in a standardized MRI protocol and a streamlined classification system designed to reduce interinstitutional variability. This proposed system offers a uniform framework for assessing the severity of brain injury and serves as a potential tool for predicting long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Conclusion: Once validated, the proposed radiological classification and scoring system can be applied across centers to facilitate consistent outcome comparisons, improve prognostication for neonates with NE/HIE, and enhance the quality of family counseling regarding long-term neurodevelopmental prospects.

Keywords: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Neonatal brain injury; Neonatal encephalopathy; Neonatal neurocritical care; Therapeutic hypothermia.