Epicardial adipose tissue, myocardial remodelling and adverse outcomes in asymptomatic aortic stenosis: a post hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Background: Epicardial adipose tissue represents a metabolically active visceral fat depot that is in direct contact with the left ventricular myocardium. While it is associated with coronary artery disease, little is known regarding its role in aortic stenosis. We sought to investigate the association of epicardial adipose tissue with aortic stenosis severity and progression, myocardial remodelling and function, and mortality in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis.

Methods: In a post hoc analysis of 124 patients with asymptomatic mild-to-severe aortic stenosis participating in a prospective clinical trial, baseline epicardial adipose tissue was quantified on CT angiography using fully automated deep learning-enabled software. Aortic stenosis disease severity was assessed at baseline and 1 year. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality.

Results: Neither epicardial adipose tissue volume nor attenuation correlated with aortic stenosis severity or subsequent disease progression as assessed by echocardiography or CT (p>0.05 for all). Epicardial adipose tissue volume correlated with plasma cardiac troponin concentration (r=0.23, p=0.009), left ventricular mass (r=0.46, p<0.001), ejection fraction (r=-0.28, p=0.002), global longitudinal strain (r=0.28, p=0.017), and left atrial volume (r=0.39, p<0.001). During the median follow-up of 48 (IQR 26-73) months, a total of 23 (18%) patients died. In multivariable analysis, both epicardial adipose tissue volume (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.03; p=0.021) and plasma cardiac troponin concentration (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.90; p=0.004) were associated with all-cause mortality, after adjustment for age, body mass index and left ventricular ejection fraction. Patients with epicardial adipose tissue volume >90 mm³ had 3-4 times higher risk of death (adjusted HR 3.74, 95% CI 1.08 to 12.96; p=0.037).

Conclusions: Epicardial adipose tissue volume does not associate with aortic stenosis severity or its progression but does correlate with blood and imaging biomarkers of impaired myocardial health. The latter may explain the association of epicardial adipose tissue volume with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis.

Clinicaltrials: gov (NCT02132026).

Keywords: Aortic stenosis; Computed Tomography Angiography; Risk Assessment.